《国际经济学》教师手册及课后习题答案克鲁格曼第六版imchWord格式.docx
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ECONOMIESOFSCALE,IMPERFECTCOMPETITION,ANDINTERNATIONALTRADE
ChapterOrganization
EconomiesofScaleandInternationalTrade:
AnOverviewEconomiesofScaleandMarketStructureTheTheoryofImperfectCompetition
Monopoly:
ABriefReview
MonopolisticCompetition
LimitationsoftheMonopolisticCompetitionModelMonopolisticCompetitionandTrade
TheEffectsofIncreasedMarketSize
GainsfromanIntegratedMarket:
ANumericalExampleEconomiesofScaleandComparativeAdvantageTheSignificanceofIntraindustryTrade
WhyIntraindustryTradeMattersCaseStudy:
IntraindustryTradeinAction:
TheNorthAmericanAutoPactDumping
TheEconomicsofDumpingCaseStudy:
AntiDumpingasProtection
ReciprocalDumping
TheTheoryofExternalEconomies
SpecializedSuppliersLaborMarketPoolingKnowledgeSpilloversExternalEconomiesandIncreasingReturnsExternalEconomiesandInternationalTrade
ExternalEconomiesandthePatternofTradeTradeandWelfarewithExternalEconomiesBox:
TinseltownEconomicsDynamicIncreasingReturnsSummary
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Appendix:
DeterminingMarginalRevenue
CHAPTEROVERVIEW
Inpreviouschapters,tradebetweennationswasmotivatedbytheirdifferencesinfactorproductivityorrelativefactorendowments.Thetypeoftradewhichoccurred,forexampleoffoodformanufactures,isbasedoncomparativeadvantageandiscalledinterindustrytrade.Thischapterintroducestradebasedoneconomiesofscaleinproduction.Suchtradeinsimilarproductionsiscalledintraindustrytrade,anddescribes,forexample,thetradingofonetypeofmanufacturedgoodforanothertypeofmanufacturedgood.Itisshownthattradecanoccurwhentherearenotechnologicalorendowmentdifferences,butwhenthereareeconomiesofscaleorincreasingreturnsinproduction.
Economiesofscalecaneithertaketheformof1)externaleconomieswherebythecostperunitdependsonthesizeoftheindustrybutnotnecessarilyonthesizeofthefirm;
oras2)internaleconomies,wherebytheproductioncostperunitofoutputdependsonthesizeoftheindividualfirmbutnotnecessarilyonthesizeoftheindustry.Internaleconomiesofscalegiverisetoimperfectlycompetitivemarkets,unliketheperfectlycompetitivemarketstructuresthatwereassumedtoexistinearlierchapters.Thismotivatesthereviewofmodelsofimperfectcompetition,includingmonopolyandmonopolisticcompetition.Theinstructorshouldspendsometimemakingcertainthatstudentsunderstandtheequilibriumconceptsofthesemodelssincetheyareimportantforthejustificationofintraindustrytrade.
Inmarketsdescribedbymonopolisticcompetition,thereareanumberoffirmsinanindustry,eachofwhichproducesadifferentiatedproduct.Demandforitsgooddependsonthenumberofothersimilarproductsavailableandtheirprices.Thistypeofmodelisusefulforillustratingthattradeimprovesthetrade-offbetweenscaleandvarietyavailabletoacountry.Inanindustrydescribedbymonopolisticcompetition,alargermarket--suchasthatwhicharisesthroughinternationaltrade--lowersaverageprice(byincreasingproductionandloweringaveragecosts)andmakesavailableforconsumptionagreaterrangeofgoods.Whileanintegratedmarketsalsosupportstheexistenceofalargernumberoffirmsinanindustry,themodelpresentedinthetextdoesnotmakepredictionsaboutwheretheseindustrieswillbelocated.
Itisalsointerestingtocomparethedistributionaleffectsoftradewhenmotivatedbycomparativeadvantagewiththosewhentradeismotivatedbyincreasingreturnstoscalein
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production.Whencountriesaresimilarintheirfactorendowments,andwhenscaleeconomiesandproductdifferentiationareimportant,theincomedistributionaleffectsoftradewillbesmall.YoushouldmakecleartothestudentsthesharpcontrastbetweenthepredictionsofthemodelsofmonopolisticcompetitionandthespecificfactorsandHeckscher-Ohlintheoriesofinternationaltrade.Withoutclarification,somestudentsmayfindthecontrastingpredictionsofthesemodelsconfusing.
Anotherimportantissuerelatedtoimperfectlycompetitivemarketsisthepracticeofpricediscrimination,namelychargingdifferentcustomersdifferentprices.Oneparticularlycontroversialformofpricediscriminationisdumping,wherebyafirmchargeslowerpricesforexportedgoodsthanforgoodssolddomestically.Thiscanoccuronlywhendomesticandforeignmarketsaresegmented.Whilethereisnogoodeconomicjustificationfortheviewthatdumpingisharmful,itisoftenviewedasanunfairtradepractice.
Theothertypeofeconomiesofscale,externaleconomies,hasverydifferenteconomicimplicationsthaninternaleconomies.Sinceexternaleconomiesofscaleoccurattheindustrylevel