知识体系和价值创造外文翻译可编辑Word格式.docx
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Knowledgesystemsandvaluecreation
LuisRabelo
Thegainingpopularityofknowledgemanagement(KM)hasbeenreinforcedbythequestforinnovationandvaluecreation(ArandaandMolina-Fernandez,2002;
HusebyandChou,2003).Inthiscontext,KMisperceivedasaframeworkfordesigninganorganisation’sgoals,structures,andprocessessothattheorganisationcanusewhatitknowstolearnandcreatevalueforitscustomersandcommunity(Choo,2000).Conversely,changemanagementplaysanincreasinglyimportantroleinsustaining“leadingedge”competitivenessfororganisationsintimesofrapidchangeandincreasedcompetition(Wheatcroft,2000;
ReddyandReddy,2002;
McAdamandGalloway,2005).Thefuturehasonlytwopredictablefeatures–“changeandresistancetochange”andtheverysurvivaloforganisationswilldependupontheirabilitytoadaptto,andmaster,thesechallenges.
Limitationsofcurrentapproachestomanagingknowledgehavebeenconstantlyreportedintheliterature(Sor,2004;
HuysmanandWulf,2006;
Yehetal.,2006).Anumberofstudiesproposedtheso-called“knowledgegap”todepictthemisfitbetweenthecapabilityandimplementationofKMSforenterprises(Tiwana,2001;
LinandTseng,2005).LinandTseng(2005)proposeaholisticframeworkforthe“KMGap”tofullyillustratethemanagementgapsthatmightoccurduringKMSimplementation.Theyarguethatthesegapsoriginatefromlowerdegreesoffitnessbetweenanenterprise’sKMactivitiesandboththeexternalandinternalenvironmentsconfrontingtheenterprise.
1.Knowledgeandknowledgemanagement
KMisabroadandexpandingtopic(Scarbroughetal.,1999).Inreviewingthetheoryandliteratureofthisfield,itisnecessarytocommittoanidentifiableepistemicapproach.ManysuchapproachestoKMareidentified,andhavebeencategorizedinvariousways(Schultze,1998;
AlaviandLeidner,2001;
Earl,2001).Schultze(1998)engagesBurrellandMorgan’s(1979)frameworkinordertoidentifyatwo-foldtypologyofknowledgewithinthedebateaboutKM:
objectivistandsubjectivist.Anobjectivistapproachviewsknowledgeasobjectstobediscovered.Inidentifyingtheexistenceofknowledgeinvariousformsandlocations,technologyisemployedinthecodificationofsuchknowledgeobjects(Hansenetal.,1999).Incontrast,asubjectivistapproachsuggestsknowledgeisinherentlyidentifiedandlinkedtohumanexperienceandthesocialpracticeofknowing(BrownandDuguid,1998).Inadoptingsuchastance,itiscontendedthatknowledgeiscontinuouslyshapedbythesocialpracticeofcommunitiesandinstitutions.
ThesedifferentviewsofknowledgeleadtodifferentperspectivesofKM(Carlssonetal.,1996):
ITperspective,focusingontheuseofvarioustechnologiestoacquireorstoreknowledgeresources(BorghoffandPareschi,1998).Asknowledgeisviewedasanobject,KMshouldfocusonensuringthatexplicitknowledge,availableintheformofknowledgeitems,iswidelyaccessibleacrossanorganisation.
Socializationperspective,focusingonunderstandingtheorganisationalnatureofKM(GoldandMalhotra,2001;
Becerra-FernandezandSabherwal,2001).KMshouldfocusonsupportingtheprocessesofsharing,creating,anddisseminatingknowledge.
Informationsystem(IS)perspective,focusingonbothITandorganisationalcapabilityandemphasizingtheuseofKMS(Tiwana,2001;
SchultzeandLeidner,2002).TherightKMstrategyshouldbeputinplacetodevelopandnurturecoreorganisationalcompetencies,andcreateintellectualcapital.ThemajorimplicationofthesevariousconceptionsofknowledgeisthateachperspectivesuggestsadifferentstrategyformanagingknowledgeandadifferentperspectiveoftheroleofsystemsinsupportofKM(Carlssonetal.,1996;
AlaviandLeidner,2001).
2.Knowledgemanagementsystems
KMSrefertoaclassofISsappliedtomanagingandenhancingtheorganisationalprocessesofknowledgecreation,storage/retrieval,transfer,andapplication.
WhileKMSinitiativesrelyonITasanimportantenabler,theytendtooverlookthesocio-culturalaspectsthatunderpinKM(DavenportandPrusak,1998;
O’DellandGrayson,1998;
Malhotra,2000;
HuysmanandWulf,2006).Inrecentyears,environmentsnurturingthesocializationdimensionofKMhavebeendeveloped,asbestreflectedintheconceptofcommunitiesofpractice(Wengeretal.,2002).Theyrelatemoregenerallytogroupsofindividualswithinoracrossorganisationalboundariesthatshareacommonconcern,asetofproblems,orapassionaboutatopic,andwhodeepentheirunderstandingandknowledgeofthisareabyinteractingusingface-to-faceorvirtualmeans(Saint-OngeandWallace,2003).
3.Knowledgemanagementinconstruction:
initialfindings.
ThefieldresearchrevealedvariouscharacteristicsoftheconstructionsectorpertinenttoKM:
project-orientedindustrywithatendencyforacto