职业健康安全管理体系和安全文化英文翻译Word格式文档下载.docx

职业健康安全管理体系和安全文化英文翻译Word格式文档下载.docx

《职业健康安全管理体系和安全文化英文翻译Word格式文档下载.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《职业健康安全管理体系和安全文化英文翻译Word格式文档下载.docx（13页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

Whatisanoccupationalhealthandsafetymanagementsystem（OHSMS）?

OnedifficultlyinevaluatingtheeffectivenessofOHSMSliesinthedifferentmeaningsgiventotheteam.Findingagreementuponcriteriaforeffectiveness,ormethodsofmeasure-mentandevaluationisespeciallyhardwherebasicdisagreementexistsuponwhatanOHSMS.

1、TheGeneralCharacteristicsOfanOHSMS

AllOHSMSowesomethingtothelegacyofgeneralsystemtheory.SystemstheorysuggeststhatthereshouldbefourgeneralrequirementsforanOHSMS,althoughhowthererequirementsaremetinpracticeallowsforconsiderablediversity.Thefourgeneralrequirementsareasfollows.

1）Systemobjectives.

2）Specificationofsystemelementsandtheirinter-relationship;

notallsystemsneedhavethesameelements.

3）DeterminingtherelationshipoftheOHSMStoothersystems（includingthegeneralmanagementsystem,andtheregulatorysystem,butalsotechnologyandworkorganization）.

4）Requirementsforsystemmaintenance（whichmaybeinternal,linkedtoareviewphase,orexternal,linkedforexampletoindustrypoliciesthatsupportOHSbestpractice;

systemmaintenancemayvarybetweensystems）.

SeveralAustralianauthoritiesuponOHSMShavegivendefinitionsbroadlyconsistentwiththesegeneralsystemrequirements.ThusBottomleynoteswhatmakesanOHSMSasystem“isthedeliberatelinkingandsequencingofprocessestoachievespecificobjectivesandtocreatearepeatableandidentifiablewayofmanagingOHS.Correctiveactions…（arealso）centraltoasystematicapproach.”

WarwickPearsealsoemphasisessystemiclinkages,defininganOHSMSas“distinctelementswhichcoverthekeyrangeofactivitiesrequiredtomanageoccupationalhealthandsafety.Theseareinter-linked,andthewholethingisdrivenbyfeedbackloops.”

Similarly,GallagherdefinesanOHSMSas“…acombinationoftheplanningandreview,themanagementorganizationarrangements,theconsultativearrangements,andthespecificprogramelementsthatworktogetherinanintegratedwaytoimprovehealthandsafetyperformance.”

2、VoluntaryOrMandatoryImplementationMethods

OnewaythatOHSMSdifferarisesfromthevariousmethodsofimplementation.FrickandWrendistinguishthreetypes—voluntary,mandatoryandhybird.VoluntarysystemsexistwhereenterprisesadoptOHSMSontheirowevolition.Oftenthisistoimplementstrategicobjectivesrelatingtoemployeewelfareorgoodcorporatecitizenship,althoughtheremaybeothermotivessuchasreducinginsurancecosts.Incontrast,mandatorysystemshaveevolvedinanumberofEuropeancountrieswherelegislationrequiresadoptionofariskassessmentsystem.Quasimandatorymethodsmayalsoexistwhereexternalcommercialpressurestaketheplaceoflegislativerequirements.ThusmanybusinessesadoptOHSMStocomplywiththerequirementsofcustomersandsuppliers,principalcontractorsandothercommercialbodies.Hybridmethodsaresaidtoentailamixtureofvoluntarymotivesandlegislativerequirements.

3.ManagementSystemsorSystematicManagement

FollowingfromtheirdistinctionbetweenvoluntaryandmandatoryOHSMS,FrickandWrenalsoseparateoccupationalhealthandsafety“managementsystems”,andthe“managementsystems”ofoccupationalhealthandsafety.Specifically,theformerhavebeencharacterizedas:

market-based,promotedtypicallybyconsultingfirms,andwithusuallyhighlyformalizedprescriptionsonhowtointegrateOHSMwithinlargeandcomplexorganizationsandalsocomprehensivedemandsondocumentation.

This“managementsystems”frommustmeetstringentcriteria.Wheretheserequirementsofa“systems”arenotmet,thenthetermissaidtobeinapplicable.Ontheotherhand,“systematicmanagement”isdescribedas“…alimitednumberofmandatedprinciplesforasystematicmanagementofOHS,applicabletoalltypesofemployersincludingthesmallones”.

ThisapproachstemsfrommethodsofregulationfoundinEuropeaswellasAustralia,wherebusinesses,includingsmallerones,areencouragedorrequiredtocomplywithalessdemandingframeworkthan“managementsystems”.Oneexampleofthissimplerregulatoryframeworkmightbetheriskassessmentprincipleswithinthe1989/391EuropeanUnionFrameworkDirective.

SupportforsuchalooseapproachtoOHSMalsoexistsinAustralia.OneemployerexpertonOHSdefinedsystemssimplyas“justawordforwhatyoudotomanagesafety”.ConsistentwiththisisBottomley’sall-encompassingapproachwhichallowsthat“…anOHSMScanbesimpleorcomplex,itcanbehighlydocumentedorsparinglydescribed,anditcanbehomegrownorbasedonanavailablemodel”.Anexampleofarelativelysimple“systematic”approachtothemanagementofoccupationalhealthandsafetyistobefoundin“SmallBusinessSafetySolutions”-abookletforsmallbusinesspublishedbytheAustral