How to reference文档格式.docx

How to reference文档格式.docx

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1.In-textreferences/citations

Thismeanshowtoputreferencesinthebodyofyourassignment,andthissectionincludesthefollowingcases:

1.11Atypicalreference-whattoincludeandwhatnotto

1.12Incorporatingothers’material-wordsandexpressionstouse

1.13Author'

snameoccursnaturallyinthesentence

1.14Author’snamedoesnotoccurnaturally

1.15Pagenumbers-whentousethem

1.16Morethanoneciteddocumentbythesameauthor（s）inthesameyear

1.17Twoauthorsofonework

1.18Morethantwoauthorsofonework

1.19Dictionaries,encyclopaediasorothercollaborativeworkswithseveralauthors

1.110Nooriginator

1.111Newspaperwherenoauthorisgiven

1.112Corporateauthorsororganisationswherenoindividual’snameisindicated

1.113Yearofpublicationunknown

1.114Secondarysources（oneauthorreferredtoinanother’stext）

1.115Differentauthorssayingthesamething

1.116Authorinaneditedbook

1.117Diagrams,photos,charts,mapsandotherillustrations

1.118Unsurewhethertociteornot?

1.119Howmanyreferencesshouldtherebe?

1.120Compare,commentandcritique

2.Referencelistorbibliography

Thismeanshowtomakeareferencelistorbibliography（thissectiondescribesthedifferencebetweenthetwo）attheendofyourassignmentforthefollowingtypesofsources:

2.1Thedifferencebetweenareferencelistandbibliography

2.2Howtomakeareferencelist

2.2.1Books（severalauthors,editedbooks,chapters,editions,sameauthorandyear,thesesanddissertations）

2.2.2JournalArticles（periodicals,printed,electronicandonline）

2.2.3Downloadedarticles

2.2.4Webpages

2.2.5Conferencepapers

2.2.6Newspapers

2.2.7Filmandtelevisionprogrammes

2.2.8Interviews

2.2.9Noobviousauthor,publisher,dateorplace,inc.Governmentpublications

NBfortypesofsourcenotlistedhere,pleaserefertoPears,R.andShields,G.（2008）Citethemright:

PearTreeBooks

1.In-textreferences/citations

Howtoputreferencesinthebodyofyourassignment

1.1Atypicalin-textreferenceinanauthor/date（Harvardtype）systemmightlookliketheonebelow.Notethatthefullstopcomesafterthereferencetoincludeitinthesentencetowhichitrefers:

Oneofthemostproblematicaspectsofenvironmentalpolicy-makingissaidtobethatofpersuadingbigactorsofitsapparentimportance（McDonald,2006）.However…

Whenyouareputtingreferencesintothebodyofyourassignment,whatevertypeofsourceyouuse（book,newspaperarticle,journalarticle,websiteetc.）,thebasicprincipleisthesameinHarvardstylesofreferencing:

youjustneedtoincludetheauthor’ssurnameandtheyearofpublication.

Donotincludetoomuchinformationinthein-textreference:

thewebaddress,publisher,titleetc.arenotnecessaryandaredistracting,unlesstheyoccurnaturallyinthesentencetohelpgiveitmeaning-forexample:

InPoole’sarticleon‘Whythepolaricecapsaremelting’（2006）,thebiggestcauseiscitedasbeing…

1.2Incorporatingothers’material

Inthisdocument,wehavetriedtovaryhowthereferencesareintegratedtoavoidexcessiverepetition.Thereferenceneedstobeattachedtotheparticularpieceofmaterialitrefersto,butdependingonhowthematerialisincorporatedintoyourwork,thereferencemaycomeatthebeginning,inthemiddleorattheendofyoursentence-theyareallacceptable,andvaryinghowyouusethemavoidsirritatingrepetition.Thefollowingthreetablesgiveexamplesofphrasesyoucanusetointegrateideasand/orcitationsintoyourtext:

∙astheverbinthemainclause,followedbya‘that’clause

Rees（2004）arguesthat…

Rees（2004）observesthat…

∙astheverbina‘comment’clause,followedbythemainclause:

AsRees（2004）argues,…

AsRees（2004）observes,…

∙asanouninthemainclause

Rees（2004）usestheargumentthat…

Rees（2004）makestheobservationthat…

Othercommonlyusedexpressionsare:

∙forquotation（remembertoincludethepagenumber）orparaphrase（nopagenumber）

AccordingtoRees（2004）,…

AsfarasRees（2004）isconcerned,…

∙forquotationonly

InthewordsofRees（2004:

6）,‘…’.

ToquoteRees（2004:

6）,‘