How to reference文档格式.docx

1、1. In-text references / citationsThis means how to put references in the body of your assignment, and this section includes the following cases:1.11 A typical reference - what to include and what not to1.12 Incorporating others material - words and expressions to use1.13 Authors name occurs naturall

2、y in the sentence1.14 Authors name does not occur naturally1.15 Page numbers - when to use them1.16 More than one cited document by the same author（s） in the same year1.17 Two authors of one work1.18 More than two authors of one work1.19 Dictionaries, encyclopaedias or other collaborative works with

3、 several authors1.110 No originator 1.111 Newspaper where no author is given1.112 Corporate authors or organisations where no individuals name is indicated1.113 Year of publication unknown1.114 Secondary sources （one author referred to in anothers text） 1.115 Different authors saying the same thing1

4、.116 Author in an edited book1.117 Diagrams, photos, charts, maps and other illustrations1.118 Unsure whether to cite or not?1.119 How many references should there be?1.120 Compare, comment and critique2. Reference list or bibliography This means how to make a reference list or bibliography （this se

5、ction describes the difference between the two） at the end of your assignment for the following types of sources:2.1 The difference between a reference list and bibliography2.2 How to make a reference list2.2.1 Books （several authors, edited books, chapters, editions, same author and year, theses an

6、d dissertations）2.2.2 Journal Articles （periodicals, printed, electronic and online）2.2.3 Downloaded articles 2.2.4 Web pages 2.2.5 Conference papers2.2.6 Newspapers 2.2.7 Film and television programmes 2.2.8 Interviews 2.2.9 No obvious author, publisher, date or place, inc. Government publications

7、NB for types of source not listed here, please refer to Pears, R. and Shields, G. （2008） Cite them right: Pear Tree Books1. In-text references / citations How to put references in the body of your assignment1.1 A typical in-text reference in an author/date （Harvard type） system might look like the o

8、ne below. Note that the full stop comes after the reference to include it in the sentence to which it refers:One of the most problematic aspects of environmental policy-making is said to be that of persuading big actors of its apparent importance （McDonald, 2006）. HoweverWhen you are putting referen

9、ces into the body of your assignment, whatever type of source you use （book, newspaper article, journal article, website etc.）, the basic principle is the same in Harvard styles of referencing: you just need to include the authors surname and the year of publication. Do not include too much informat

10、ion in the in-text reference: the web address, publisher, title etc. are not necessary and are distracting, unless they occur naturally in the sentence to help give it meaning - for example:In Pooles article on Why the polar icecaps are melting （2006）, the biggest cause is cited as being1.2 Incorpor

11、ating others materialIn this document, we have tried to vary how the references are integrated to avoid excessive repetition. The reference needs to be attached to the particular piece of material it refers to, but depending on how the material is incorporated into your work, the reference may come

12、at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of your sentence - they are all acceptable, and varying how you use them avoids irritating repetition. The following three tables give examples of phrases you can use to integrate ideas and/or citations into your text: as the verb in the main clause, fol

13、lowed by a that clauseRees （2004） argues that Rees （2004） observes that as the verb in a comment clause, followed by the main clause:As Rees （2004） argues, As Rees （2004） observes, as a noun in the main clauseRees （2004） uses the argument that Rees （2004） makes the observation that Other commonly used expressions are: for quotation （remember to include the page number） or paraphrase （no page number）According to Rees （2004）, As far as Rees （2004） is concerned, for quotation onlyIn the words of Rees （2004:6）, .To quote Rees （2004:6）,