英语自考本科英语语法名词解释Word下载.docx

英语自考本科英语语法名词解释Word下载.docx

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Thenon-finiteverbsaresocalledbecausetheyarenotmarkedforttenseofforsubject-verbconcord.Werecognitethreetypesofnon-finiteverbs:

infinitive,-ingparticipleand–edparticiple.

4.Extraposition

Theextrapositionisdefinedasthereplacementofthepostponeditembyasubstituteform.

5.Text

Thetermtextreferstoaunifiedpassage.Atextmaybespokenorwritten,proseorverse,dialogueormonologue.Itmaybeanythingfromasingleproverbtoawholeplay,fromamomentarycryforhelptoall-daydiscussiononacommittee.

6.participles

Participlesbelongtonon-finiteverbtype.

Therearetwokindsofparticiples:

-ingparticipleand–edparticiple.

7.Whatisdanglingparticiple?

Whenthesubjectofaparticipleisnotexpressed,itisnormallyunderstoodtobethesubjectofthemainclause.Wecallthiskindofparticipledanglingparticiple.

8.Whatis“fronting”?

“fronting”isatermwhichreferstotheremovalofanitemfromitsunmarkedpost-subjectpositiontothemarkedpre-subjectposition.Asfrontingmovesintotheinitialpositionanitemwhichdoesnotusuallybelongthere,suchagrammaticaldevicedisturbstheexpectedrouteofinformationflowandinevitablebringsaboutunusualness,i.e.“thismanovertherepeopleinthevicinityhaveaverylowopinionof.”

9.Define“ellipsis”

Thebasicprincipleofellipsisisleavingoutsomethingunderstoodandhenceproducesimcompletesentenceswithsuchastructureastopresupposeaprecedingitem.Ellipsis,somehowlikesubstitutions,setsupcohesiononthebasisofstructuralrecoverabilitywithreferencetothelinguisticcontext.Herearethreetypesofellipsis:

nominal:

whygivemetwocupsofcoffee?

Ionlyaskedforone.

a.Verbal:

A:

haveyouseenhimbefore?

B:

yes,Ihave.

b.clausal:

A:

willitraintomorrow?

perhaps.

10.Determiners

Determinersrefertowordswhichareusedinthepremodificationofanounphraseandwhichtypicallyprecedeanyadjectivesthatpremodifytheheadword.

11.themajorfunctionofprepositions

Themajorfunctionofprepositionsistoconnectnouns,verbsandadjectivestootherpartsofthesentence,e.g..Igetuoearlyinthemorning.

12.disjunct

Disjunctsconveyacommentonthecontentoftheclausetowhichtheyareperipherallyattached.

13.adjunt

Adjuntisawordoragroupofwordswhichweaddtoaclausetosaysomethingthecircumstancesofaneventorsituation,forexample,when,whereorhowitoccurs.

14.Whatisdoublerelativeclause?

Itisusedtocoveralltheverbformsthatexpressassumptionscontrarytothegivenfactornotlikelytobematerialized,andbecomesafarlessimportantverbalcategorythanwassuggested.

15.Coordination

Coordinationisrealizedbycoordinatorswhichjoinunitsatthesamelevel.

16.Subordination

Subordinationisrealizedbysubordinators,involvesthelinkingofunitsatdifferentlevelssothattheyformahierarchy.Asubordinatorintroducesasubordinateclausewhichisattachedtothemainclause.

18.Doublegenitive

Doublegenitive,alsoreferredtoasthe“postgenitive”,isalsocalledbecauseitisacombinationofthegenitiveandtheof-phrase,suchasafriendofmybrother’s.

21.nounclasses

Nounclassesincludepropernounsandcommonnouns.

Commonnounsincludecountablenounsandmassnouns.

Countablenounsincludeconcretenounsandabstractnouns.

22.Propernouns

Propernounsdenoteindividualpersons,places,etc.apropernounnormallybeginswithacapicalletter,hasnopluralformandcannotoccurafteranarticle.

23.Massnouns

Nounscannottakepluralarecalledmassnouns.

24.Collectivenoun

Collectivenounsrefertoagroupofpeople,animalandthings,whichareusuallycountable.

25.Unionnoun

Itisalsocalled"

partitive"

isaveryspecialclassofwordsthatisusedtospecifythequantitiesmeasuresandshapesofthemodifiednounsuchas:

piece,batch,bunch,item,etc.

26.Pluralinvariables

Nounsarealwaysoccurinpluralform.

27.Pluralcompounds

Threetendenciesareatworkintheinflectionofcompoundsforplural:

pluralizethelastelement,pluralizethefirstelementandplurizebothfirstandt