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acrosstheWeb.
Canprivacybepreserved
2
bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly
3
?
Lastmonth,HowardSchmidt,thenation’scyber-czar,offeredthefederalgovernmenta
4
tomaketheWebasaferplace-a“voluntarytrustedidentity”systemthatwouldbethehigh-tech
5
ofaphysicalkey,afingerprintandaphotoIDcard,allrolled
6
one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard,oradigitalcredential
7
toaspecificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.
Theideaisto
8
afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould
9
whichsystemtojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver’slicense
10
bythegovernment.
GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethese“singlesign-on”systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto
11
justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.
12.theapproachwouldcreatea“walledgarden”ncyberspace,withsafe“neighborhoods”andbright“streetlights”toestablishasenseofa
13
community.
Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasa“voluntaryecosystem”inwhich“individualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith
14
trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure
15
whichthetransactionruns”.
Still,theadministration’splanhas
16
privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;
othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould
17
beacompulsoryInternet“drive’slicense”mentality.
Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith
18
bysomecomputersecurityexperts,whoworrythatthe“voluntaryecosystem”envisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet
19
.TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe
20
toregisterandidentifythemselves,inthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.
1.A.sweptB.skippedC.walkedD.ridden
2.A.forB.withinC.whileD.though
3.A.carelessB.lawlessC.pointlessD.helpless
4.A.reasonB.reminderC.compromiseD.proposal
5.A.informationB.interferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalent
6.A.byB.intoC.fromD.over
7.A.linkedB.directedC.chainedD.compared
8.A.dismissB.discoverC.createD.improve
9.A.recallB.suggestC.selectD.realize
10.A.releasedB.issuedC.distributedD.delivered
11.A.carryonB.lingeronC.setinD.login
12.A.InvainB.IneffectC.InreturnD.Incontrast
13.A.trustedB.modernizedc.thrivingD.competing
14.A.cautionB.delightC.confidenceD.patience
15.A.onB.afterC.beyondD.across
16.A.dividedB.disappointedC.protectedD.united
17.A.frequentlyB.incidentallyC.occasionallyD.eventually
18.A.skepticismB.relevanceC.indifferenceD.enthusiasm
19.A.manageableB.defendableC.vulnerableD.invisible
20.A.invitedB.appointedC.allowedD.forced
SectionII
ReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text
1
RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs’sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000:
ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmucheroticism.Butbytheendof2009Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman’scompensationcommittee;
howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked?
ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.
Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful,yetlessbiased,advisersonafirm’sboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere,theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive’sproposals.Ifthesky,andthesharepriceisfalling,outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.
TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasehatcoveredmorethan10,000firmsandmorethan64,000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage,sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose“surprise”disappearances