专题16科普类说明文三年高考英语试题无答案Word下载.docx

专题16科普类说明文三年高考英语试题无答案Word下载.docx

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科普知识类

[2017·

北京卷]

D

Hollywood'

stheorythatmachineswithevil（邪恶的）mindswilldrivearmiesofkillerrobotsisjustsilly.Therealproblemrelatestothepossibilitythatartificialintelligence（AI）maybecomeextremelygoodatachievingsomethingotherthanwhatwereallywant.In1960awellknownmathematicianNorbertWiener,whofoundedthefieldofcybernetics（控制论）,putitthisway:

“Ifweuse,toachieveourpurposes,amechanicalagencywithwhoseoperationwecannoteffectivelyinterfere（干预）,wehadbetterbequitesurethatthepurposeputintothemachineisthepurposewhichwereallydesire.”

Amachinewithaspecificpurposehasanotherquality,onethatweusuallyassociatewithlivingthings:

awishtopreserveitsownexistence.Forthemachine,thisqualityisnotinborn,norisitsomethingintroducedbyhumans;

itisalogicalconsequenceofthesimplefactthatthemachinecannotachieveitsoriginalpurposeifitisdead.Soifwesendoutarobotwiththesingleinstructionoffetchingcoffee,itwillhaveastrongdesiretosecuresuccessbydisablingitsownoffswitchorevenkillinganyonewhomightinterferewithitstask.Ifwearenotcareful,then,wecouldfaceakindofglobalchessmatchagainstverydetermined,superintelligentmachineswhoseobjectivesconflictwithourown,withtherealworldasthechessboard.

Thepossibilityofenteringintoandlosingsuchamatchshouldconcentratethemindsofcomputerscientists.Someresearchersarguethatwecansealthemachinesinsideakindoffirewall,usingthemtoanswerdifficultquestionsbutneverallowingthemtoaffecttherealworld.Unfortunately,thatplanseemsunlikelytowork:

wehaveyettoinventafirewallthatissecureagainstordinaryhumans,letalonesuperintelligentmachines.

SolvingthesafetyproblemwellenoughtomoveforwardinAIseemstobepossiblebutnoteasy.Thereareprobablydecadesinwhichtoplanforthearrivalofsuperintelligentmachines.Buttheproblemshouldnotbedismissedoutofhand,asithasbeenbysomeAIresearchers.Somearguethathumansandmachinescancoexistaslongastheyworkinteams—yetthatisnotpossibleunlessmachinessharethegoalsofhumans.Otherssaywecanjust“switchthemoff”asifsuperintelligentmachinesaretoostupidtothinkofthatpossibility.StillothersthinkthatsuperintelligentAIwillneverhappen.OnSeptember11,1933,famousphysicistErnestRutherfordstated,withconfidence,“Anyonewhoexpectsasourceofpowerinthetransformationoftheseatomsistalkingmoonshine.”However,onSeptember12,1933,physicistLeoSzilardinventedtheneutroninduced（中子诱导）nuclearchainreaction.

67．Paragraph1mainlytellsusthatartificialintelligencemay________．

A．runoutofhumancontrol

B．satisfyhuman'

srealdesires

C．commandarmiesofkillerrobots

D．workfasterthanamathematician

68．Machineswithspecificpurposesareassociatedwithlivingthingspartlybecausetheymightbeableto________．

A．preventthemselvesfrombeingdestroyed

B．achievetheiroriginalgoalsindependently

C．doanythingsuccessfullywithgivenorders

D．beathumansininternationalchessmatches

69．Accordingtosomeresearchers,wecanusefirewallsto________．

A．helpsuperintelligentmachinesworkbetter

B．besecureagainstevilhumanbeings

C．keepmachinesfrombeingharmed

D．avoidrobots'

affectingtheworld

70．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthesafetyproblemofsuperintelligentmachines?

A．ItwilldisappearwiththedevelopmentofAI.

B．Itwillgetworsewithhumaninterference.

C．Itwillbesolvedbutwithdifficulty.

D．Itwillstayforadecade.

[2017·

江苏卷]

B

Beforebirth，babiescantellthedifferencebetweenloudsoundsandvoices.Theycanevendistinguishtheirmother'

svoicefromthatofafemalestranger.Butwhenitcomestoembryoniclearning（胎教），birdscouldruletheroost.AsrecentlyreportedinTheAuk：

OrnithologicalAdvances，somemotherbirdsmayteachtheiryoungtosingevenbeforetheyhatch（孵化）.Newbornchickscanthenimitatetheirmum'

scallwithinafewdaysofenteringtheworld.

Thiseducationalmethodwasfirstobservedin2012bySoniaKleindorfer，abiologistatFlindersUniversityinSouthAustralia，andhercolleagues.FemaleAustraliansuperbfairywrenswerefoundtorepeatonesoundoverandoveragainwhilehatchingtheireggs.Whentheeggswerehatched，thebabybirdsmadethesimilarchirptotheirmothers—asoundthatservedastheirregular“feedme！

”call.

Tofindoutifthespecialqualitywasmorewidespreadinbirds，theresearcherssoughttheredbackedfairywren，anotherspeciesofAustraliansongbird.Firsttheycollectedsounddatafrom67nestsinfoursitesinQueenslandbeforeandafterhatching.Thentheyidentifiedbeggingcallsbyanalysingtheorderandnumberofnotes.Acomputeranalysisblin