cognitivelinguisticslecture3分析Word格式文档下载.docx

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Metonymyfromafigureofspeechtoacognitiveinstrumentandawayofthinking

3.1.1Metonymyasafigureofspeech

Definitionofmetonymyasafigureofspeech:

Thesubstitutionofthenameofanattributeoradjunctforthatofthethingmeant,forexamplesuitforbusinessexecutive,ortheturfforhorseracing.（TheNewOxfordDictionaryofEnglish）

Metonym:

Aword,name,orexpressionusedasasubstituteforsomethingelsewithwhichitiscloselyassociated.Forexample,WashingtonisametonymfortheUSgovernment.（ibid.）

Examplesofmetonymy:

Thekettleisboiling.

HeisreadingShakespeare.

Englishishismothertongue.

Hechosetheguninsteadofthecapandgown.

Hewastoofondofthebottle.

Iliketoplaywithrosycheeks.

Literaryexamples:

慨当以慷，忧思难忘。

何以解忧，惟有杜康。

（曹操《短歌行》）

秃头站在白背心的略略正对面，弯了腰，去研究背心上的文字。

（鲁迅《示众》）

Seealso‘MetonymyinClassicalRhetoric’byLiYongzhong（2004:

2-3）.

3.1.2Metonymyasacognitiveinstrumentandawayofthinking:

conceptualmetonymies

Withthenaissanceofcognitivelinguisticsin1980s,metonymy,withsynecdocheasoneofitssubtypes,isregardedbycognitivelinguistsasacognitiveinstrumentandamodeofthinkingandconceptualizing,whichisfrequentlyusedbyusinourdailylifeaswellinliterature.Considerthefollowingexamples:

Orangesweater[?

Sweatermadeoforanges;

=thecolouroforange]

He’sindance.[=thedancingprofession]

ChinaDailyhasn’tarrivedatthepressconferenceyet.（=thereporterfromChinaDaily）

Sheisexpecting.[=expectingthebirthofababy]

吃饭

羊肠小道

她有了。

[cf.他有了。

]

Definitionandclassificationofcognitivemetonymy

3.2.1Definingcognitivemetonymy

Differentcognitivelinguistsprovideddifferentdefinitionsfortheconceptofmetonymy:

1）Metonymymeans‘usingoneentitytorefertoanotherthatisrelatedtoit’.Synecdocheisincludedasaspecialcaseofmetonymy.‘[M]etonymyservessomeofthesamepurposesthatmetaphordoes,andinsomewhatthesameway…Metonymicconceptsarepartoftheordinary,everydaywaywethinkandactaswellastalk.’‘Metonymicconceptsallowustoconceptualizeonethingbymeansofitsrelationtosomethingelse.’‘[L]ikemetaphors,metonymicconceptsstructurenotjustourlanguagebutourthoughts,attitudes,andactions.And,likemetaphoricconcepts,metonymicconceptsaregroundedinexperience.’（Lakoff&

Johnson,1980:

35-40）[Comparemetonymicconceptandmetonymicexpressions]

2）Metonymyisoneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcognition.Itisextremelycommonforpeopletotakeonewell-understoodoreasy-to-perceiveaspectofsomethinganduseittostandeitherforthethingasawholeorforsomeotheraspectorpartofit.（Lakoff,1987:

77）

Metonymicprinciplestakethefollowingform:

GivenanICMwithsomebackgroundcondition.,institutionsarelocatedinplaces）,thereisa‘standsfor’relationthatmayholdbetweentwoelementsAandB,suchthatoneelementoftheICM,B,maystandforanotherelementA.Inthiscase,B=theplaceandA=theinstitution.WewillrefertosuchICMscontainingstands-forrelationsasmetonymicmodels.（ibid.:

78）

Goingsomewhereinavehicle（asanevent）involvesastructuredscenario（orinLakoff’sterms,anICM）:

（i）Precondition:

Youhave（orhaveaccessto）thevehicle.

（ii）Embarcation:

Yougetintothevehicleandstartitup.

（iii）Center:

Youdrive（row,fly,etc.）toyourdestination.

（iv）Finish:

Youparkandgetout.

（v）Endpoint:

Youareatyourdestination.

Belowaresomepossiblenormalanswerstoaquestionsuchas‘Howdidyougettotheparty?

’:

-Idrove.[CenterstandsforwholeICM.]

-Ihaveacar.[PreconditionstandsforwholeICM.]

-Iborrowedmybrother’scar.[Thisentailstheprecondition,whichinturnstandsforthewholeICM]

-Ihoppedonabus.[EmbarcationstandsforwholeICM.]

-Ijuststuckoutmythumb.[EmbarcationstandsforwholeICM.]（ibid.:

78-79）

3）Langacker（1993:

9）conceivesofmetonymyasareference-pointphenomenoninwhichoneconceptualentity,thereferencepoint,affordsmentalaccesstoanotherconceptualentity,thedesiredtarget.（Radden&

Kö

vecses,1999:

19）

4）Thecognitiveviewofmetonymymakesthreeassumptions:

（i）Metonymyisaconceptualphenomenon;

（ii）Metonymyisacognitiveprocess;

（iii）Metonymyoperateswithinanidealizedcognitivemodel.（Radden&

vecses,ibid.:

17）

Onthebasisoftheabovethreecognitivepropertiesofmetonymy,metonymycanbedefinedasfollows:

‘Metonymyisacognitiveprocessinwhichoneconceptualentity,thevehicle,providesmentalaccesstoanotherconceptualentity,thetarget,withinthesameidealizedcognitivemodel.’（ibi