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意义一致原则指主谓之间的一致关系不是由主语的语法形式来决定,而是由主谓所表达的意义来决定。
形式是单数
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的主语,其谓语有可能是复数形式;
反之,形式是复数的主语,其谓语有可能是单数。
Thegovernmenthavebrokenalltheirpromises.
Theclassaredoingexperimentsonheatandlight.
Thecouncilareoftwoopinions.
TheUnitedStatesisacountryadvancedinscienceandtechnology.
TendollarsisallIhaveleft.
Twothirdsoftheareaisunderwater.
就近原则,指谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最凑近它的词语,而主语又不仅一个时,谓语平时和最凑近它的主语一致。
Hereisapen,afewenvelopesandsomepaperinthedrawer.
NeithershenorIamwet.
Eitheryouorhewasinthewrong.
上述三条原则的详尽应用则比较复杂,以下几点应予以注意:
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1.谓语动词单数的情况
(1)不定式、动名词短语或名词性从句作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
Tobecomeactressesistheirambition.
Noddingoftenmeansyousay
“yes”.
WhatIdidwasgiveherabook.
(2)事件、国名、机构名称、作品名称用作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
TheUnitedStatesisacountry
advancedinscienceandtechnology.
TheUnitedNationswasformedin1945.
TheThirty-NineStepsisaninterestingnovel.
(3)One,every,everyone,everybody,each,oneof,manya,either,neither,noonenobody,anyone,
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someone,somebody用作主语或修饰主语时,谓语动词用单数。
Manyastudentdoesn’tlikehavingtodotheirhomework.
Oneoftheteachersisabsenttoday.
Everyboyandgirlistreatedinthesameway.
Neitherofthetwogirlsisathome.
(4)表示时间、距离、金钱、体积、数字等的词语用作主语表示总量时,谓语动词用单数。
比方:
Fifteenyearsrepresentsalongperiodofhislife.
Onehundredmilesistoofartotravelonfoot.
Tenthousanddollarsisalargesumofmoney.
(5)单数词作主语,虽尔后接由
including,aswellas,togetherwith,inadditionto,accompaniedby等
词连接的其他词,谓语动词仍用单
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数。
Gold,aswellassilver,hasrecentlyriseninprice.
Thefactory,withallitsequipment,hasbeenburned.
(6)Aportionof,aseriesof,akind
of等词语修饰主语时,谓语动词一般依照语法一致的原则用单数。
Aseriesofpre-recordedtapeshasbeenpreparedforlanguagelaboratoryuse.
2.谓语动词复数的情况
(1)both,some,few,many,several
等词语修饰主语时,谓语动词一般依照语法一致的原则用复数。
BothofthemhavegonetoShanghaionbusiness.
Fewofmyclassmatesreallyunderstandme.
Severalstudentswerelatefor
5
schoolyesterday.
(2)形容词前加定冠词泛指时,谓语动词用复数。
Inmanywesternfilms,thegood
arewellrewardedandthebadarepunished.
3.其他情况
(1)由and连接两个主语时,谓语动词一般用复数。
Yourproblemandmineare
similar.
Thesecretaryandtheheadmasteroftheschoolwerepresentatthemeeting.
但当and连接的词语作整体考虑,或在意义上指同一个人或物时,谓语动词一般用单数。
Breadandbutterismyfavoritebreakfast.
Thesecretaryandtheheadmasteroftheschoolwaspresentatthemeeting.
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当由and连接的两个单数名词前面有each,every等词修饰时,谓语动词一般用单数。
Eachactorandactresswasinvited.
一个单数名词前有由and连接的两个形容词修饰时,谓语动词一般用复数。
ChineseandJapanesesilkaregoodquality.
(2)当or,eitheror,neithernor,
notonly..butalso连接一个单数主语和一个复数主语时,谓语动词的数取决于它周边的主语的数。
Neitherthepricesnorthequalityhaschanged.
Neitherthequalitynorthepriceshavechanged.
(3)集体名词作主语时,谓语动词的数常取决于主语的意义。
当主语表示整体时,谓语动词用单
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数;
当主语强招集体中的个体时,谓语动词用复数。
Thefamilyisthebasicunitof
thesociety
Thefamilyhaveagreedamong
themselvestospendtheir
vacationinItaly.
这些集体名词有:
people,
army,audience,cattle,class,
club,committee,crowd,family,
government,group,majority,
party,police,public,staff,team等,其中people,cattle,police常用复数。
(4)一些表示数量的词语:
如alotof,anyof,mostof,halfof,two-thirdsof,ninetypercentof,partof,therestof,someof,noneof,allof与名词连用时,谓语动
词的数取决于名词的数。
名词用单数,谓语动词也用单数,名词用复数,谓语动词也用复数。
例
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如:
AlotoftheequipmentwasmadeinChina.
Alotofmyfriendsareheretocelebratemybirthday.
Mostofthebookisinteresting.Mostofthebooksareinformativethoughalittledull.
注意当anumberof修饰主语
时,谓语动词用复数,而当thenumberof与名词连用作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
Anumberofstudentswerelateforschoolowingtothestorm.
Thenumberoferrorswassurprising
二、代词一致
代词一致是指句子中代词应在数、性、人称等方面保持一致,或代词和它所指
代的名词词组在某些方面保持一致。
Thecityisproudofitsparks.
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Thenursepickedupthebabyandhandedittoitsmother.
1.由and连接两个先行词,代词用复数。
GeorgeandJohnsatdownwiththeircoatson.
2.由or,eitheror,neither..nor,not
onlybutalso连接的先行词若是在数和性上是一致的,就用其相应的代词;
若是先行词在数和性上不一致,代词可与周边的先行词保持一致,在正式文体中也可用两个不同样代词。
NeitherMarynorAlicehadherkeywithher.
Neithertheparcelnorthelettershadreachedtheirdestination.
NotonlyTombutalsoIcandomyworkwell.
IfeitherDavidorJanetcomes,heorshewillwantadrink.
3.当each,everyone,everybody,noone,
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none,nobody,anybody,anyone,someone,somebody用作主语或主语
限制词时,其相应的代词一般用单数形式。
Everybodytalkedatthetopo