《科技英语》课后习题答案文档格式.docx
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Gametheorycanbedefinedasthescienceofstrategywhichstudiesbothpureconflicts(zero-sumgames)andconflictsincooperativeforms.
PartTwo
Paras.4-11
Therearetwodistincttypesofstrategicinterdependence:
sequential-movegameandsimultaneous-movegame.
PartThree
Paras.12-19
Thetypicalexamplesofgametheoryaregivenasthebasicprinciplessuchasprisoners’dilemma,mixingmoves,strategicmoves,bargaining,concealingandrevealinginformation.
PartFour
Para.20
Theresearchofgametheoryhassucceededinillustratingstrategiesinsituationsofconflictandcooperationanditwillfocusonthedesignofsuccessfulstrategyinfuture.
II.LanguagePoints
Thegamesitstudiesrangefromchesstochildrearingandfromtennistotakeovers.(Para.1)
Paraphrase:
Thegamesit(gametheory)studiesextendsfromchesstochildbringing-upandfromtennistohandovers.
range:
v.tovarybetweenlimits,extend,runinaline
e.g.
(1)Thepricerangesfrom$30to$80.
(2)Theboundaryrangesfromnorthtosouth.
takeover:
n.theactoraninstanceofassumingcontrolormanagementoforresponsibilityforsth.接收、接管
e.g.TheeconomyofHongkonggoeswellafteritstakeover.
GametheorywaspioneeredbyPrincetonmathematicianJohnvonNeumann.(Para.2)
pioneer:
v.tobeapioneer;
tooriginate(courseofactionetc.,followedlaterbyothers)
e.g.Thenewtreatmentforcancerwaspioneeredbytheexpertsofstatehospital.
n.originalinvestigatorofsubjectorexplorerorsettler;
initiatorofenterprise
e.g.Theyounggenerationwasgreatlymotivatedbythepioneers’exploits.
Thatis,theparticipantsweresupposedtochooseandimplementtheiractionsjointly.(Para.2)
Thatis,theplayerswereexpectedtoselectandcarryouttheiractionstogether.
…hemustanticipateandovercomeresistancetohisplans.(Para.3)
anticipate:
v.1)toexpectorrealizebeforehand;
toforesee
e.g.Theexpertsareanticipatingthenegativeeffectsofairpollution.
v.2)todealwithorusebeforepropertime预支
e.g.Tedwasnotusedtosavingmonthlyandhewouldalwaysanticipatehisincome.
Theessenceofagameistheinterdependenceofplayerstrategies.(Para.4)
Thekeyprincipalofagameisthatplayerstrategiesaredependentoneachother.
essence:
n.1)thequalitywhichmakesathingwhatitis;
theinnernatureormostimportantqualityofathing
e.g.Thetwothingsarethesameinoutwardformbutdifferentinessence.
n.2)extractobtainedfromasubstancebytakingoutasmuchofthemassaspossible
e.g.milkessence;
essenceofpeppermint(椒薄荷、椒薄荷油)
interdependence:
n.thequalityorfactofdependingoneachother
inter-为前缀,意为betweeneachother,类似的词还有interchange、intermarry、international、interview等。
Ageneralprincipleforaplayerinasequential-movegameistolookaheadandreasonback.(Para.5)
Acommonly-appliedruleforaparticipantinasequentialgameistoanticipateandthinklogicallyinturn.
reason:
v.toformortrytoreachconclusionsbyconnectedthought;
tothinkout
e.g.
(1)Man’sabilitytoreasonmakeshimdifferentfromtheanimal.
(2)Ireasoninthiswayaboutthematter.
Inprinciple,anysequentialgamethatendsafterafinitesequenceofmoves…(Para.6)
finite:
a.limited;
havingbounds
e.g.Thepetroleumsupplyisfiniteforhumankind.
infinite:
a.withoutlimits;
havingnobounds;
(numberthatcannotbecalculated)
e.g.infinitespace.
Incontrasttothelinearchainofreasoningforsequentialgames,agamewithsimultaneousmovesinvolvesalogicalcircle.(Para.7)
Agamewithsimultaneousmoverequiresalogicalcircularthinking,whichistotallydifferentfromthelinearchainofreasoningforsequentialgames.
…inignoranceoftheothers’currentactions.(Para.7)
ignorance:
n.beinglackingofknowledgeoruninformed
e.g.Themanagerwasoffendedbytheignoranceofhisplans.
Thelogicalcircleissquared…(Para.8)
squarethecircle:
toattemptsth.impossible做(似乎是)不可能的事
Whenwesaythatanoutcomeisanequilibrium,thereisnopresumptionthateachperson’sprivatelybestchoicewillleadtoacollectivelyoptimalresult.(Para.10)
Whenwementionthatgameresultisanequilibrium,thereisnoassurancethateachplayer’sbestchoicewillleadtothebesteffectforalltheplayers.
此句是一个复合句,when引导时间状语从句,主句thereisnopresumption中又包含一个同位语从句thateachperson’sprivatelybestchoicewillleadtoacollectivelyoptimalresult,修饰presumption。
Butinspiteoftheseflaws…(Para.11)
flaw:
n.imperfection;
crack;
invalidatingdefectindocument
e.g.Therewasafatalflawinhisargumentthathegaveaninaccuratedefinition.
Suchcooperativebehaviorcanbeachievedinr