英语题文档格式.docx
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1.代沟的表现。
2.代沟出现的家庭原因。
3.代沟出现的社会原因。
GenerationGap
PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)
Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestiononAnswerSheet1.
Forquestions1-7,mark
Y(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;
N(forNO)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;
NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.
Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.
Landfills
Youhavejustfinishedyourmealatafastfoodrestaurantandyouthrowyouruneatenfood,foodwrappers,drinkcups,utensilsandnapkinsintothetrashcan.Youdon’tthinkaboutthatwasteagain.Ontrashpickupdayinyourneighborhood,youpushyourcanouttothecurb,andworkersdumpthecontentsintoabigtruckandhaulitaway.Youdon’thavetothinkaboutthatwasteagain,either.Butmaybeyouhavewondered,asyouwatchthetrashtruckpullaway,justwherethatgarbageendsup.
Americansgeneratetrashatanastonishingrateoffourpoundsperdayperperson;
whichtranslatesto600,000tonsperdayor210milliontonsperyear!
Thisisalmosttwiceasmuchtrashesperpersonasmostothermajorcountries.Whathappenstothistrash?
Somegetsrecycled(回收利用)orrecoveredandsomeisburned,butthemajorityisburiedinlandfills.
HowMuchTrashIsGenerated?
Ofthe210milliontonsoftrash,orsolidwaste,generatedintheUnitedStatesannually,about56milliontons,or27percent,iseitherrecycled(glass,paperproducts,plastic,metals)orcomposted(做成堆肥)(yardwaste).Theremainingtrash,whichismostlyunredeemable,isdiscarded.
HowIsTrashDisposedof?
ThetrashproductionintheUnitedStateshasalmosttripledsince1960.Thistrashishandledinvariousways.About27percentofthetrashisrecycledorcomposted,16percentisburnedand57percentisburiedinlandfills.Theamountoftrashburiedinlandfillshasdoubledsince1960.TheUnitedStatesrankssomewhereinthemiddleofthemajorcountries(UnitedKingdom,Canada,Germany,FranceandJapan)inlandfilldisposal.TheUnitedKingdomrankshighest,buryingabout90percentofitssolidwasteinlandfills.
WhatIsaLandfill?
Therearetwowaystoburytrash:
Dump—anopenholeinthegroundwheretrashisburiedandthatisfullofvariousanimals(rats,mice,birds).(Thisismostpeople’sideaofalandfill!
)
Landfill—carefullydesignedstructurebuiltintoorontopofthegroundinwhichtrashisisolatedfromthesurroundingenvironment(groundwater,air,rain).Thisisolationisaccomplishedwithabottomlineranddailycoveringofsoil.
Sanitarylandfill—landfillthatusesaclaylinertoisolatethetrashfromtheenvironment
Municipalsolidwaste(MSW)landfill—landfillthatusesasynthetic(plastic)linertoisolatethetrashfromtheenvironment
Thepurposeofalandfillistoburythetrashinsuchawaythatitwillbeisolatedfromgroundwater,willbekeptdryandwillnotbeincontactwithair.Undertheseconditions,trashwillnotdecompose(腐烂)much.Alandfillisnotlikeacompostpile,wherethepurposeistoburytrashinsuchawaythatitwilldecomposequickly.
ProposingtheLandfill
Foralandfilltobebuilt,theoperatorshavetomakesurethattheyfollowcertainsteps.Inmostpartsoftheworld,thereareregulationsthatgovernwherealandfillcanbeplacedandhowitcanoperate.Thewholeprocessbeginswithsomeoneproposingthelandfill.
IntheUnitedStates,takingcareoftrashandbuildinglandfillsarelocalgovernmentresponsibilities.Beforeacityorotherauthoritycanbuildalandfill,anenvironmentimpactstudymustbedoneontheproposedsitetodetermine:
theareaoflandnecessaryforthelandfill
thecompositionoftheunderlyingsoilandbedrock
theflowofsurfacewateroverthesite
theimpactoftheproposedlandfillonthelocalenvironmentandwildlife
thehistoricalvalueoftheproposedsite
BuildingtheLandfill
Oncetheenvironmentalimpactstudyiscomplete,thepermitsaregrantedandthefundshavebeenraised,thenconstructionbegins.First,accessroadstothelandfillsitemustbebuiltiftheydonotalreadyexist.Thereroadswillbeusedbyconstructionequipment,sanitation(环卫)servicesandthegeneralpublic.Afterroadshavebeenbuilt,diggingcanbegin.IntheNorthWakeCountryLandfill,thelandfillbegan10feetbelowtheroadsurface.
WhatHappenstoTrashinaLandfill?
Trashputinalandfillwillstaythereforaverylongtime.Insidealandfill,therei