国际贸易名词解释英文简答论述 期末考试复习资料Word文件下载.docx
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Themainideaoffreetradeisthatsupplyanddemandfactors,operatingonaglobalscale,willensurethatproductionhappensefficiently.Therefore,nothingneedstoprotectorpromotetradeandgrowthbecausemarketforceswilldosoautomatically.
Protectionism（贸易保护主义）
Incontrast,protectionismholdsthatregulationofinternationaltradeisimportanttoensurethatmarketsfunctionproperly.Advocatesofthistheorybelievethatmarketinefficienciesmayhamperthebenefitsofinternationaltradeandtheyaimtoguidethemarketaccordingly.
ProductionPossibilitiesCurve/Frontier（生产可能性曲线/边界）
AProductionPossibilitiesFrontierisagraphthatshowsthevariouscombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproduce,giventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheexistingtechnology.
OpportunityCost（机会成本）
OpportunityCostmeanswhatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitem.
SupplyCurve（供给曲线）
ASupplyCurveisagraphthatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplied.
DemandCurve（需求曲线）
ADemandCurveisagraphthatdescribestherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemanded.
ExcessSupplyCurve（出口供给曲线）
BecauseExcessSupplyisasituationinwhichquantitysuppliedisgreaterthanquantitydemanded,ExcessSupplyCurvecanbedefinedasagraphthatdepictstherelationshipbetweenthepriceandtheavailablequantityforexportofaproduct.ExcessSupplyCurvecanbederivedfromsubtractingasupplycurvewithacorrespondingdemandcurve.
ExcessDemandCurve（进口需求曲线）
BecauseExcessDemandisasituationinwhichquantitydemandedisgreaterthanquantitysupplied,ExcessDemandCurvecanbedefinedasagraphthatdepictstherelationshipbetweenthepriceandthedesirablequantityforimportofaproduct.ExcessDemandCurvecanbederivedfromsubtractingademandcurvewithacorrespondingsupplycurve.
ConsumerSurplus（消费者剩余）
ConsumerSurplusmeansabuyer’swillingnesstopayminustheamountthebuyeractuallypays.Consumersurplusmeasuresthebenefittobuyersofparticipatinginamarket.
ProducerSurplus（生产者剩余）
ProducerSurplusistheamountasellerispaidforagoodminustheseller’scost.Producersurplusmeasuresthebenefittosellersofparticipatinginamarket.
EconomiesofScale（规模经济）
EconomiesofScalemeansthepropertywherebythelong-runaveragecostfallsasthequantityofoutputincreases.
DiseconomiesofScale（规模不经济）
DiseconomiesofScalemeansthepropertywherebythelong-runaveragecostrisesasthequantityofoutputincreases.
ConstantReturnstoScale（规模报酬不变）
ConstantReturnstoScalemeansthepropertywherebythelong-runaveragecoststaysthesameasthequantityofoutputchanges.
IndifferenceCurve（无差异曲线）
IndifferenceCurveisacurvethatshowsconsumptionbundlesthatgivetheconsumerthesamelevelofsatisfaction.
TheGravityModel（引力模型）
Initsbasicform,thegravitymodelassumesthatonlysizeanddistance（经济规模和距离）areimportantfortradeinthefollowingway：
Tij=AxYixYj/Dij
两国之间的贸易规模与经济规模成正比，与两国之间的距离成反比。
ServiceOutsourcing（服务外包）
Serviceoutsourcingoccurswhenafirmthatprovidesservicesmovesitsoperationstoaforeignlocation.（服务外包是指一个企业将原本由自己提供的服务转移给国外供应商。
）
Mercantilism（重商主义）
Beliefthatnationcouldbecomerichandpowerfulonlybyexportingmorethanitimported.
Mercantilistsmeasuredwealthofanationbystockofpreciousmetalsitpossessed
AbsoluteAdvantage（绝对优势）
Anationhasabsoluteadvantageoveranothernationifitcanproduceacommoditymoreefficiently.Whenonenationhasabsoluteadvantageinproductionofacommodity,butanabsolutedisadvantagewithrespecttotheothernationinasecondcommodity,bothnationscangainbyspecializingintheirabsoluteadvantagegoodandexchangingpartoftheoutputforthecommodityofitsabsolutedisadvantage.
ComparativeAdvantage（比较优势）
Evenifonenationislessefficientthan（hasabsolutedisadvantagewithrespectto）theothernationinproductionofbothcommodities,thereisstillabasisformutuallybeneficialtrade.
ProductionPossibilities（生产可能性）
Theproductionpossibilityfrontier（PPF）ofaneconomyshowsthemaximumamountofagoodsthatcanbeproducedforafixedamountofresources.
FactorEndowment（要素禀赋）
theoverallamountofproductivefactors,suchascapital,labor,andland,availabletoonenation.
FactorAbundance（要素丰裕度）
Therearetwowaystodefinefactorabundance.Onewayisintermsofphysicalunits（i.e.,intermsoftheoverallamountofcapitalandlaboravailabletoeachnation）.Anotherwayisintermsofrelati
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