国际贸易名词解释英文简答论述 期末考试复习资料Word文件下载.docx

1、The main idea of free trade is that supply and demand factors, operating on a global scale, will ensure that production happens efficiently. Therefore, nothing needs to protect or promote trade and growth because market forces will do so automatically.Protectionism（贸易保护主义）In contrast, protectionism

2、holds that regulation of international trade is important to ensure that markets function properly. Advocates of this theory believe that market inefficiencies may hamper the benefits of international trade and they aim to guide the market accordingly.Production Possibilities Curve /Frontier（生产可能性曲线

3、/边界）A Production Possibilities Frontier is a graph that shows the various combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce, given the available factors of production and the existing technology .Opportunity Cost（机会成本）Opportunity Cost means whatever must be given up to obtain some item.Su

4、pply Curve（供给曲线）A Supply Curve is a graph that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied.Demand Curve （需求曲线）A Demand Curve is a graph that describes the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.Excess Supply Curve（出口供给曲线）Because Excess Sup

5、ply is a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded, Excess Supply Curve can be defined as a graph that depicts the relationship between the price and the available quantity for export of a product. Excess Supply Curve can be derived from subtracting a supply curve with a

6、 corresponding demand curve. Excess Demand Curve（进口需求曲线） Because Excess Demand is a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied, Excess Demand Curve can be defined as a graph that depicts the relationship between the price and the desirable quantity for import of a product

7、. Excess Demand Curve can be derived from subtracting a demand curve with a corresponding supply curve.Consumer Surplus（消费者剩余）Consumer Surplus means a buyers willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays. Consumer surplus measures the benefit to buyers of participating in a market.Prod

8、ucer Surplus （生产者剩余） Producer Surplus is the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the sellers cost. Producer surplus measures the benefit to sellers of participating in a market.Economies of Scale（规模经济）Economies of Scale means the property whereby the long-run average cost falls as the quantity

9、of output increases.Diseconomies of Scale（规模不经济） Diseconomies of Scale means the property whereby the long-run average cost rises as the quantity of output increases.Constant Returns to Scale（规模报酬不变） Constant Returns to Scale means the property whereby the long-run average cost stays the same as the

10、 quantity of output changes.Indifference Curve（无差异曲线）Indifference Curve is a curve that shows consumption bundles that give the consumer the same level of satisfaction. The Gravity Model（引力模型） In its basic form, the gravity model assumes that only size and distance（经济规模和距离） are important for trade i

11、n the following way：Tij = A x Yi x Yj /Dij 两国之间的贸易规模与经济规模成正比，与两国之间的距离成反比。Service Outsourcing（服务外包）Service outsourcing occurs when a firm that provides services moves its operations to a foreign location.（服务外包是指一个企业将原本由自己提供的服务转移给国外供应商。）Mercantilism（重商主义）Belief that nation could become rich and powerf

12、ul only by exporting more than it imported.Mercantilists measured wealth of a nation by stock of precious metals it possessedAbsolute Advantage（绝对优势）A nation has absolute advantage over another nation if it can produce a commodity more efficiently. When one nation has absolute advantage in productio

13、n of a commodity, but an absolute disadvantage with respect to the other nation in a second commodity, both nations can gain by specializing in their absolute advantage good and exchanging part of the output for the commodity of its absolute disadvantage.Comparative Advantage（比较优势）Even if one nation

14、 is less efficient than （has absolute disadvantage with respect to） the other nation in production of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.Production Possibilities（生产可能性）The production possibility frontier （PPF） of an economy shows the maximum amount of a goods that

15、 can be produced for a fixed amount of resources.Factor Endowment （要素禀赋） the overall amount of productive factors , such as capital, labor, and land, available to one nation.Factor Abundance（要素丰裕度）There are two ways to define factor abundance. One way is in terms of physical units（i.e., in terms of the overall amount of capital and labor available to each nation）. Another way is in terms of relati