会计准则的共同框架外文翻译文档格式.docx

会计准则的共同框架外文翻译文档格式.docx

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原文：

ACommonFrameworkforAccountingStandards

InSeptember2010,theU.S.FinancialAccountingStandardsBoard（FASB）andtheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard（IASB）completedthefirstphaseofaprojectthatwillinfluenceglobalstandardssettingformanyyearstocome.Specifically,theBoardsconvergedkeyportionsoftheirconceptualframeworks.Thismonth’scolumnwillexplainwhattheBoardshavedoneandthesignificanceoftheiraccomplishment.

What’saConceptualFramework?

Aconceptualframeworkforasetofaccountingstandardsisanexplicitdeclarationofthefundamentalconceptsonwhichthesetofstandardsisbased.Theconceptsaddressedbyconceptualframeworkstendtobegeneralinnature,broadinscope,andstableovertime.Forexample,aconceptualframeworktypicallywillidentifythekindsoffinancialstatementsthatreportingentitiesshouldprepare（balancesheet,incomestatement,etc.）anddefinethebasicelementsofthosefinancialstatements（assets,liabilities,income,expenses,etc.）.Havingaconceptualframeworkeliminatestheneedforastandardssetter,suchastheFASBortheIASB,toreestablishcoreconceptseachtimeitdevelopsorupdatesastandard.Additionally,byconsistentlyreferringtoastableconceptualframework,astandardssetterismorelikelytopromulgatestandardsthatareconsistentwitheachotheraswellaswithsignificantassumptionsandconstraints.TheconceptualframeworkofU.S.GenerallyAcceptedAccountingPrinciples（GAAP）isdocumentedinaseriesofStatementsofFinancialAccountingConcepts（SFACs）issuedbytheFASB.TheIASBhasdocumentedtheconceptualframeworkofInternationalFinancialReportingStandards（IFRS）initsFrameworkforthePreparationandPresentationofFinancialStatements.Thoughsimilarinsomerespects,thetwoframeworkshavealwaysbeenseparateanddistinctfromeachother—untilrecently.AspartoftheireffortstoconvergethespecificstandardsthatcompriseU.S.GAAPandIFRS,theBoardshavebeguntoconvergetheirconceptualframeworksaswell.

TheFASB-IASBConceptualFrameworkProject

InOctober2004,theFASBandtheIASBaddedajointconceptualframeworkprojecttotheiragendas.Theobjectiveoftheprojectis“todevelopanimprovedcommonconceptualframeworkthatprovidesasoundaccountingstandards.”Inotherwords,theBoardshavebeenworkingtogethertoreplacetheirseparateframeworkswithasingleframeworkonwhichbothfutureU.S.GAAPandfutureIFRSwillbebased.EachBoardiscommittedtomakingthesingleframeworkbetterthaneitherone’sexistingframework.Thejointconceptualframeworkprojectconsistsofeightphases,designated“A”through“H”:

A.Objectiveandqualitativecharacteristics

B.Elementsandrecognition

C.Measurement

D.Reportingentity

E.Presentationanddisclosure,includingfinancialreportingboundaries

F.FrameworkpurposeandstatusinGAAPhierarchy

G.Applicabilitytothenot-for-profitsector

H.Remainingissues

InJuly2006,theFASBandtheIASBissuedaPreliminaryViews（PV）documentforPhaseAthatdescribedtheBoards’tentativethoughtsontheoverallobjectiveoffinancialreportingandonthenecessaryanddesirablequalitativecharacteristicsofreportedfinancialinformation.Afterfurtherdeliberations,theBoardsissuedanExposureDraft（ED）forPhaseAinMay2008thatproposedthefirsttwochaptersofacommonconceptualframework.FinalversionsofthosetwochaptersweresubsequentlyissuedbytheBoardsonSeptember28,2010.

TheFASBissuedthetwochapterstogetherasSFACNo.8,“ConceptualFrameworkforFinancialReporting—Chapter1,TheObjectiveofGeneralPurposeFinancialReporting,andChapter3,QualitativeCharacteristicsofUsefulFinancialInformation（areplacementofFASBConceptsStatementsNo.1andNo.2）.”（SFACNo.1was“ObjectivesofFinancialReportingbyBusinessEnterprises,”andSFACNo.2was“QualitativeCharacteristicsofAccountingInformation.”）TheBoardhadpreviouslyissuedonlysevenSFACsinits37-yearhistory—noneoftheminthepast10years.TheinfrequencyofSFACissuancereflectsthehighdegreeofstabilityintheFASB’sconceptualframeworkovertime.Butchangehappens,andthelessfrequentlyithappens,themoresignificantitiswhenitdoeshappen.

Foritspart,theIASBincorporatedthetwochaptersintoarevisedversionofitsframeworkthatitpublishedasTheConceptualFrameworkforFinancialReporting2010.Previously,theIASBhadn’tmadeasubstantiverevisiontoitsframeworksince2001.Again,thatfactthatconceptualframeworksdon’tchangefrequentlymakestherecentchangesbytheFASBandtheIASBallthemorenotable.

TheObjectiveofGeneralPurposeFinancialReporting

Chapter1oftheBoards’commonconceptualframeworkfocusesontheoverallobjectiveoffinancialreporting.AsstatedinSFACNo.8,“Theobjectiveofgeneralpurposefinancialreportingistoprovidefi