语言学详解文档格式.doc
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2).Generallinguistics:
Thestudyoflanguageasawholeiscalledgenerallinguistics.
3).Appliedlinguistics:
Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Inabroadsense,itreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticfindingstothesolutionofpracticalproblemssuchastherecoveryofspeechability.
4).Synchronicstudy:
Thestudyofalanguageatsomepointintime.e.g.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare’stimeisasynchronicstudy.
5).Diachronicstudy:
Thestudyofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.e.g.astudyofthechangesEnglishhasundergonesinceShakespeare’stimeisadiachronicstudy.
6).Languagecompetence:
Theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Atransformational-generativegrammar(转化生成语法)isamodeloflanguagecompetence.
7).Languageperformance:
performanceistheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesinlinguisticcommunication.
8).Langue:
Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity;
Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollow;
Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently.
9).Parole:
Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse;
paroleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules;
parolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.
10).Language:
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
11).Arbitrariness:
Itisoneofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage.Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Agoodexampleisthefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages.
12).Productivity:
Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.
13).Duality:
Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsatthelowerorbasiclevel,andtheotherofmeaningsatthehigherlevel.
14).Displacement:
languagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.
15).Culturaltransmission:
Whilewearebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,thedetailsofanylanguagearenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned.
16).Designfeatures:
Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication
2.Explainthefollowingdefinitionoflinguistics:
Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.
Linguisticsinvestigatesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.
Linguisticstudyisscientificbecauseitisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationofauthentic(可靠的,真实的)languagedata.Noseriouslinguisticconclusionisreacheduntilafterthelinguisthasdonethefollowingthreethings:
observingthewaylanguageisactuallyused,formulatingsomehypotheses,andtestingthesehypothesesagainstlinguisticfactstoprovetheirvalidity.
3.Whatarethebranchesoflinguistics?
Whatdoeseachofthemstudy?
(语言学的主要分支是什么。
每个分支的研究对象是什么?
)
Linguisticsmainlyinvolvesthefollowingbranches:
1)Generallinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguageasawholeandwhichdealswiththebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy
2)Phonetics,whichstudiesthesoundsthatareusedinlinguisticcommunication
3)Phonology,whichstudieshowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication
4)Morphology,whichstudiesthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwords
5)Syntax,whichstudieshowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentences
6)Semantics,whichisthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.
7)Pragmatics,whichisthestudyofmeaningnotinisolation,butinthecontextofuse
8)Sociolinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety
9)Psycholinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofmind.
10)Appliedlinguistics,whichisconcernedabouttheapplicationoflinguisticfindingsinlinguisticstudies;
inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteaching,espe