学术综合英语听力原文完整版Word下载.doc
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RoadBuilding
Goodmorning,everyone.TodayI'
llbetalkingabouttherelationshipbetweenroadbuildingandthedevelopmentoftheAmericaneconomyduringthe18thcentury.About300yearsago,theUnitedStates'
economywasgrowingrapidly,mainlybecauseofaboomingtradeintwoimportantagriculturalproducts:
grainandcotton.
GrainoutputintheeasternpartofAmericaincreasedquicklyatthattimeduetotherapidlygrowingpopulationandthelargenumberofimmigrantsfromEurope.Asaresult,thedemandforgrainalmostdoubled.Forthisreason,thetradeingrainfirstdevelopedinthispartofthecountry.Atthesametime,theroadsystemwasgraduallybuiltupinordertotransportthegrainfromtheruralareastovariouscities.Theroadbuildingclearlyhelpeddeveloptheeconomyquicklyintheseareasandinthecitiesaswell.
Duringthesameperiod,farmersintheSouthcouldgetalargeamountoflaborersfromAfrica,andtheystartedtogrowcotton.Asthecottonoutputincreased,thefarmersneededtosellitinotherplaces.Asaresult,manyroadswerebuilttolinktheruralareastothecities.
Atfirst,thistradeofgrainandcottontookplacealongthecoast,ornearriversandlakes.Ittookplacetherebecauseitwaseasyandcheaptotransportgoodsfromoneplacetoanother.Before1700,itwasveryexpensivetomovethegoodsbyroad.So,farmershadtorelymainlyonriverstomovetheircropstomarkets.
Atthattime,therewasonlyonecontinuousroadthatexistedintheUS.Itranfromnorthtosouthalongcountryroads,whichwerelinkedtogethertomakeonelongroad.Withinashorttime,thefirsteast-to-westroadswerebuilt.Theywerecalledturnpikes.Privatecompaniesbuilttheseroadsandcollectedfeesfromallvehiclesthattraveledonthem.
Eventually,becauseoftheboomingtradeofgrainandcotton,anetworkofroadwayswascompletedthatconnectedsomemajorcitiesandtowns.Althoughtravelingwasstillcostlyforfarmers,theysoonpreferredtomovetheircropstocitiesandotherareasonroadwaysratherthanbyboatbecauseitwasfasterandmoreconvenient.
SoherewecanseearatherclearpictureofroadbuildingintheUnitedStatesanditsimpactoneconomicdevelopmentduringthatperiod.
TheMississippiRiverinAmerica
Goodafternoon.Todaywe’regoingtotalkabouttheMississippiRiver.TheMississippiRiveristhelargestriveroftheNorthAmerica.Itsmajortributariesdrainanareaofapproximately3,000,000squarekilometers,oraboutone-eighthoftheentirecontinent.TheMississippiRiverliesentirelyintheUnitedStates.FromitssourceatLakeItascainMinnesota,itflowsfromtheNorthalmostduesouthacrossthecontinentalinterior,collectingthewatersofitsmajortributaries,downtotheGulfofMexico.TheMightyMississippi,asitisaffectionatelyknown,flowsatotaldistanceabout4,000kilometersfromitssource.Withitstributaries,theMississippidrainsallorpartof31U.S.statesandtwoCanadianprovinces.
Aseveryoneknows,inthepasttheriverwasthemostimportantwayoftransportinggoodsfromtheNorthtotheSouth,orfromtheSouthtotheNorthintheUnitedStates.
TheMississippiRiverisalsoariverthatcansometimesgetoutofcontrolandcauseseriousfloodinginsummer.Nowadaysengineersusefourdifferentmethodstocontrolthefloodwatersoftheriver.Thesefourwaysare:
floodways,dams,leveesandreservoirs.I'
lldiscusseachofthesehere.
FloodwaysarethefirstwayofcontrollingthefloodwatersoftheMississippiRiver.Floodwaysareemptychannelsreadytoholdwaterfromtheriver.WhentheMississippiRiveristoohigh,thefloodwaysareopenedandsomeofthewatercanflowintothefloodways.ThereareseveralfloodwaysalongthelowerMississippiRiver,whichhelppreventfloodingeffectively.
ThesecondwayofcontrollingthefloodwatersoftheMississippiRiveriswithdams.Damsarewallsthatarebuiltacrossarivertocontrolthewater.Therearemorethan30damsontheMississippiRiver.Damscontrolthewaterbyholdingthewaterbehindthemuntiladecisionismadetoreleaseit.
LeveesareathirdwayofcontrollingthefloodwatersoftheMississippiRiver.Leveesareearthenwallsbuiltalongsideariver.Theyholdthewaterintheriverandkeepitfromcoveringthelandbesidetheriver.Therearemorethan2,000milesofleveesalongtheMississippiRiver.
Inthe19thand20thcenturies,severalreservoirswerebuiltalongtheMississippiRivertoharnessthewater.Theyhavetwofunctions.Oneistoholdwater,andtheotheristogenerateelectricitythroughhydroelectricpowerstations.Sincethe20thcentury,nohugefloodhasbrokenoutoftheMississippiRiver.
Unit2EnergyConservation
AnEyewitnesstoChangesinChina
(Y:
YangRui,anchorofDialogue,CCTV-9