Chinese porcelain cultureWord格式文档下载.docx

Chinese porcelain cultureWord格式文档下载.docx

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Questionstoconsider

Whatisporcelainmadeof?

Whatisthedifferencebetweenpotteryandporcelain?

Coarsevs.fine/delicate

Glassyandslipperyquality

Whyaretheysodifferent?

DefiningPotteryandPorcelainbyFiringTemperature

Temp.DegreesCelsiusProduct

700-950Pottery

900-1250Celadon（青瓷,灰绿色）

1200-1450China-ware

1450+Porcelain

QuestiontoconsiderHowtomakeaporcelain?

Howmanyprocedurestogothrough?

FormingGlazingDecorationFiring

Method:

Forming

Thepotterfirstneedstoshapepotteryonapotter'

swheel.Butitisnotaneasyjobbecause

thematerialusedtomakingporcelainisinlowplasticity.Soitisdifficulttoshapetheclay.,Inthecaseofthrowingonapotter’swheel（陶轮）itcanbeseenaspullingclayupwardsand

outwardsintoarequiredshape.Theprocessofthrowingisinfactoneofremarkable

complexity.

Glazing

Unliketheirlower-firedcounterparts,porcelainwaresdonotneedglazingtorenderthem

impermeabletoliquidsandforthemostpartareglazedfordecorativepurposesandtomake

themresistanttodirtandstaining.

Decoration

Porcelainwaresmaybedecoratedundertheglazeusingpigmentsthatincludecobalt（钴做

的深蓝色）andcopperorovertheglazeusingcoloredenamels（珐琅,瓷釉）.

Likemanyearlierwares,modernporcelainsareoftenfiredataround1000degreesCelsius,

coatedwithglazeandthensentforasecondglazeandfiringatatemperatureofabout1300

degreesCelsiusorgreater.

Firing

Inthisprocess,green（unfired）ceramicwaresareheatedtohightemperaturesinakilnto

permanentlysettheirshapes.

Porcelainisfiredatahighertemperaturethanearthenwaresothatthebodycanvitrify（使成

玻璃状）andbecomenon-porous（不渗水的）becauseofthechemicalchangethattakeplace

duringthefiring.

Thechemicalchanges,thattakeplacewiththefiringprocess,resultsinaproduct

transformationfrompotterytoporcelain.

Potteryisusuallyfiredattemperaturesbetween700-950degreesCelsius.Whenthe

firingtemperatureisincreasetoabove1,100degreesCelciusthesilicates（硅酸盐）

withintheclaybegintomeltandfusewiththeclayparticleswhicharedifficulttomelt;

thatistheyretaintheirformwhenheatedunlikethesilicates.

Thefusingofthesilicatesandclaymaterial,withfeldspar（长石）actingasaflux（熔接

剂）,createstheglassyqualityofporcelain.Theoptimumtemperatureforhighquality

porcelainis1280degreesCelsius.

Afurtherdifferentiationbetweenpotteryandporcelainisthetranslucent（透明的,半透明的）

natureoftheproductwhenitisfired.

EuropeanconsiderationistoplaceanemphasisuponthisaspectwhiletheChinesedonot

consideritasanessentialelementofthequalityofporcelain.

TheChineseconsiderthatporcelainofhighqualitywillproduceahighpitchringwhen

struck.

Historyofdevelopment

TheearliestpotterywarewasfoundmadeofKaolinintheShangDynasty（16th-11th

centuryBC）,andpossessedthecommonaspectsofthesmoothnessandimpervious（不透水

的）qualityofhardenamel,thoughpotterywaresweremorewidelyusedamongmostofthe

ordinarypeople.

Anywayitwasthebeginningofporcelain,whichafterwardsinthesucceedingdynastiesand

duetoitsdurabilityandluster,rapidlybecameanecessityofdailylife,especiallyinthe

middleandupperclasses.

Handynasty,202BC-220AD

SomeexpertsbelievethefirsttrueporcelainwasmadeintheprovinceofZhejiangduringthe

EasternHanperiod.Chineseexpertsemphasizethepresenceofasignificantproportionof

porcelain-buildingminerals（chinaclay,porcelainstoneoracombinationofboth）asan

importantfactorindefiningporcelain.

Shards（瓷的碎片）recoveredfromarchaeologicalEasternHankilnsitesestimatedfiring

temperaturerangedfrom1260to1300?

C.Asfarbackas1000BC,theso-called

“Porcelaneouswares”or“proto-porcelainwares”weremadeusingatleastsome

kaolin（高岭土,瓷土）firedathightemperatures.Thedividinglinebetweenthetwoand

trueporcelainwaresisnotaclearone.

SuiandTangdynasties,581-907

DuringtheSuiandTangperiods（581to907）awiderangeofceramics,low-firedand

high-fired,wereproduced.Theseincludedthewell-knownTanglead-glazedsancai

（three-colour）wares,thehigh-firing,lime（石灰）-glazedYueceladon（青瓷）waresand

low-firedwaresfromChangsha.InnorthernChina,high-fired,translucentporcelainswere

madeatkilnsintheprovincesofHenanand