Chinese porcelain cultureWord格式文档下载.docx

1、Questions to consider , What is porcelain made of? , What is the difference between pottery and porcelain?, Coarse vs. fine/delicate , Glassy and slippery quality , Why are they so different?Defining Pottery and Porcelain by Firing Temperature , Temp. Degrees Celsius Product , 700 - 950 Pottery , 90

2、0 - 1250 Celadon（青瓷,灰绿色） , 1200 - 1450 China-ware , 1450 + Porcelain Question to consider How to make a porcelain?, How many procedures to go through?, Forming Glazing Decoration Firing Method: Forming , The potter first needs to shape pottery on a potters wheel. But it is not an easy job because th

3、e material used to making porcelain is in low plasticity. So it is difficult to shape the clay. , In the case of throwing on a potters wheel（陶轮） it can be seen as pulling clay upwards and outwards into a required shape. The process of throwing is in fact one of remarkable complexity. Glazing , Unlik

4、e their lower-fired counterparts, porcelain wares do not need glazing to render them impermeable to liquids and for the most part are glazed for decorative purposes and to make them resistant to dirt and staining. Decoration , Porcelain wares may be decorated under the glaze using pigments that incl

5、ude cobalt （钴做的深蓝色） and copper or over the glaze using colored enamels（珐琅,瓷釉）. , Like many earlier wares, modern porcelains are often fired at around 1000 degrees Celsius, coated with glaze and then sent for a second glaze and firing at a temperature of about 1300 degrees Celsius or greater. Firing

6、, In this process, green （unfired） ceramic wares are heated to high temperatures in a kiln to permanently set their shapes. , Porcelain is fired at a higher temperature than earthenware so that the body can vitrify （使成玻璃状） and become non-porous（不渗水的） because of the chemical change that take place du

7、ring the firing. , The chemical changes, that take place with the firing process, results in a product transformation from pottery to porcelain. , Pottery is usually fired at temperatures between 700 - 950 degrees Celsius. When the firing temperature is increase to above 1,100 degrees Celcius the si

8、licates （硅酸盐） within the clay begin to melt and fuse with the clay particles which are difficult to melt;that is they retain their form when heated unlike the silicates. , The fusing of the silicates and clay material, with feldspar （长石） acting as a flux（熔接剂）, creates the glassy quality of porcelain

9、. The optimum temperature for high quality porcelain is 1280 degrees Celsius. , A further differentiation between pottery and porcelain is the translucent （透明的,半透明的） nature of the product when it is fired. , European consideration is to place an emphasis upon this aspect while the Chinese do not con

10、sider it as an essential element of the quality of porcelain. , The Chinese consider that porcelain of high quality will produce a high pitch ring when struck. , History of development , The earliest pottery ware was found made of Kaolin in the Shang Dynasty （16th - 11th century BC）, and possessed t

11、he common aspects of the smoothness and impervious（不透水的） quality of hard enamel, though pottery wares were more widely used among most of the ordinary people. , Anyway it was the beginning of porcelain, which afterwards in the succeeding dynasties and due to its durability and luster, rapidly became

12、 a necessity of daily life, especially in the middle and upper classes. Han dynasty, 202 BC-220 AD , Some experts believe the first true porcelain was made in the province of Zhejiang during the Eastern Han period. Chinese experts emphasize the presence of a significant proportion of porcelain-build

13、ing minerals （china clay, porcelain stone or a combination of both） as an important factor in defining porcelain. , Shards （瓷的碎片） recovered from archaeological Eastern Han kiln sites estimated firing temperature ranged from 1260 to 1300?C. As far back as 1000 BC, the so-called “Porcelaneous wares” o

14、r “proto-porcelain wares” were made using at least some kaolin（高岭土, 瓷土） fired at high temperatures. The dividing line between the two and true porcelain wares is not a clear one. Sui and Tang dynasties, 581-907 , During the Sui and Tang periods （581 to 907） a wide range of ceramics, low-fired and high-fired, were produced. These included the well-known Tang lead-glazed sancai （three-colour） wares, the high-firing, lime（石灰）-glazed Yue celadon （青瓷） wares and low-fired wares from Changsha. In northern China, high-fired, translucent porcelains were made at kilns in the provinces of Henan and