集群和新竞争经济学外文翻译文档格式.docx

集群和新竞争经济学外文翻译文档格式.docx

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集群和新竞争经济学外文翻译@#@中文4020字@#@毕业论文（设计）外文翻译@#@一、外文原文@#@标题：

@#@CLUSTERSANDTHENEWECONOMICSOFCOMPETITION@#@原文：

@#@@#@WhatIsaCluster?

@#@@#@Clustersaregeographicconcentrationsofinterconnectedcompaniesandinstitutionsinaparticularfield.Clustersencompassanarrayoflinkedindustriesandotherentitiesimportanttocompetition.Theyinclude,forexample,suppliersofspecializedinputssuchascomponents,machinery,andservices,andprovidersofspecializedinfrastructure.Clustersalsooftenextenddownstreamtochannelsandcustomersandlaterallytomanufacturersofcomplementaryproductsandtocompaniesinindustriesrelatedbyskills,technologies,orcommoninputs.Finally,manyclustersincludegovernmentalandotherinstitutions–suchasuniversities,standards-settingagencies,thinktanks,vocationaltrainingproviders,andtradeassociations–thatprovidespecializedtraining,education,information,research,andtechnicalsupport.@#@TheCaliforniawineclusterisagoodexample.Itincludes680commercialwineriesaswellasseveralthousandindependentwinegrapegrowers.（Seetheexhibit“AnatomyoftheCaliforniaWineCluster.”）Anextensivecomplementofindustriessupportingbothwinemakingandgrapegrowingexists,includingsuppliersofgrapestock,irrigationandharvestingequipment,barrels,andlabels;@#@specializedpublicrelationsandadvertisingfirms;@#@andnumerouswinepublicationsaimedatconsumerandtradeaudiences.Ahostoflocalinstitutionsisinvolvedwithwine,suchastheworld-renownedviticultureandenologyprogramattheUniversityofCaliforniaatDavis,theWineInstitute,andspecialcommitteesoftheCaliforniasenateandassembly.TheclusteralsoenjoysweakerlinkagestootherCaliforniaclustersinagriculture,foodandrestaurants,andwine-countrytourism.@#@ConsideralsotheItalianleatherfashioncluster,whichcontainswell-knownshoecompaniessuchasFerragamoandGucciaswellasahostofspecializedsuppliersoffootwearcomponents,machinery,molds,designservices,andtannedleather.（Seetheexhibit“MappingtheItalianLeatherFashionCluster.”）Italsoconsistsofseveralchainsofrelatedindustries,includingthoseproducingdifferenttypesofleathergoods（linkedbycommoninputsandtechnologies）anddifferenttypesoffootwear（linkedbyoverlappingchannelsandtechnologies）.Theseindustriesemploycommonmarketingmediaandcompetewithsimilarimagesinsimilarcustomersegments.ArelatedItalianclusterintextilefashion,includingclothing,scarves,andaccessories,producescomplementaryproductsthatoftenemploycommonchannels.TheextraordinarystrengthoftheItalianleatherfashionclustercanbeattributed,atleastinpart,tothemultiplelinkagesandsynergiesthatparticipatingItalianbusinessesenjoy.@#@Acluster’sboundariesaredefinedbythelinkagesandcomplementaritiesacrossindustriesandinstitutionsthataremostimportanttocompetition.Althoughclustersoftenfitwithinpoliticalboundaries,theymaycrossstateorevennationalborders.IntheUnitedStates,forexample,apharmaceuticalsclusterstraddlesNewJerseyandPennsylvanianearPhiladelphia.Similarly,achemicalsclusterinGermanycrossesoverintoGerman-speakingSwitzerland.@#@Clustersrarelyconformtostandardindustrialclassificationsystems,whichfailtocapturemanyimportantactorsandrelationshipsincompetition.Thussignificantclustersmaybeobscuredorevengounrecognized.InMassachusetts,forexample,morethan400companies,representingatleast39,000high-payingjobs,areinvolvedinmedicaldevicesinsomeway.Theclusterlongremainedallbutinvisible,however,buriedwithinlargerandoverlappingindustrycategoriessuchaselectronicequipmentandplasticproducts.Executivesinthemedicaldevicesclusterhaveonlyrecentlycometogethertoworkonissuesthatwillbenefitthemall.@#@Clusterspromotebothcompetitionandcooperation.Rivalscompeteintenselytowinandretaincustomers.Withoutvigorouscompetition,aclusterwillfail.Yetthereisalsocooperation,muchofitvertical,involvingcompaniesinrelatedindustriesandlocalinstitutions.Competitioncancoexistwithcooperationbecausetheyoccurondifferentdimensionsandamongdifferentplayers.@#@Clustersrepresentakindofnewspatialorganizationalforminbetweenarm’s-lengthmarketsontheonehandandhierarchies,orverticalintegration,ontheother.Acluster,then,isanalternativewayoforganizingthevaluechain.Comparedwithmarkettransactionsamongdispersedandrandombuyersandsellers,theproximityofcompaniesandinstitutionsinonelocation–andtherepeatedexchangesamongthem–fostersbettercoordinationandtrust.Thusclustersmitigatetheproblemsinherentinarm’s-lengthrelationshipswithoutimposingtheinflexibilitiesofverticalintegrationorthemanagementchallengesofcreatingandmaintainingformallinkag