水利水电工程专业土石坝的评估和修复毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文Word文件下载.docx

水利水电工程专业土石坝的评估和修复毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文Word文件下载.docx

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土石坝的评估和修复

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2017.02.14

附录一外文翻译

英文原文

AssessmentandRehabilitationofEmbankmentDams

NasimUddin,P.E.,M.ASCE1

Abstract:

Aseriesofobservations,studies,andanalysestobemadeinthefieldandintheofficearepresentedtogainaproperunderstandingofhowanembankmentdamfitsintoitsgeologicsettingandhowitinteractswiththepresenceofthereservoiritimpounds.Itisintendedtoprovideanintroductiontotheengineeringchallengesofassessmentandrehabilitationofembankments,withparticularreferencetoaCrotonDamembankment.

DOI:

10.1061/（ASCE）0887-3828（2002）16:

4（176）

CEDatabasekeywords:

Rehabilitation;

Dams,embankment;

Assessment.

Introduction

Manymajorfacilities,hydraulicorotherwise,havebecomeveryoldandbadlydeteriorated;

moreandmoreownersarecomingtorealizethatthecostofrestoringtheirfacilitiesistakingupasignificantfractionoftheiroperatingbudgets.Rehabilitationis,therefore,becomingamajorgrowthindustryforthefuture.Inembankmentdamengineering,neitherthefoundationnorthefillsarepremanufacturedtostandardsorcodes,andtheirperformancecorrespondinglyisnever100%predictable.Damengineering—inparticular,thatrelatedtoearthstructures—hasevolvedonmanyfrontsandcontinuestodoso,particularlyinthecontextoftheeconomicaluseofresourcesandthedeterminationofacceptablelevelsofrisk.Becauseofthis,therefore,thereremainsawidevarietyofopinionandpracticeamongengineersworkinginthefield.Manyaspectsofdesigningandconstructingdamswillprobablyalwaysfallwithinthatgroupofengineeringproblemsforwhichtherearenouniversallyacceptedoruniquelycorrectprocedures.

Inspiteofadvancesinrelatedtechnologies,however,itislikelythatthebuildingofembankmentsandthereforetheirmaintenance,monitoring,andassessmentwillremainanempiricalprocess.Itis,therefore,difficulttoconceiveofasetofrigorous

assessmentproceduresforexistingdams,iftherearenodesigncodes.Manyagencies（theU.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers,USBR,TennesseeValleyAuthority,FERC,etc.）havedevelopedchecklistsforfieldinspections,forexample,andsuggestedformatsandtopicsforassessmentreporting.However,thesecannotbetakenasprocedures;

theyserveasguidelines,reminders,andexamplesofwhattolookforandreporton,buttheyserveasnosubstituteforanexperienced,interested,andobservantengineeringeye.Severalkeyfactorsshouldbeexaminedbytheengineerinthecontextofthemandateagreeduponwiththedamowner,andthesetogetherwithrelevantandappropriatecomputationsofstaticanddynamicstabilityformthebasisoftheassessment.Itisonlysensibleforanengineertocommittotheevaluationoftheconditionof,ortheassessmentof,anexistingandoperatingdamifhe/sheisfamiliarandcomfortablewiththedesignandconstructionofsuchthingsandfurthermorehasdemonstratedhis/herunderstandingandexperience.

RehabilitationMeasures

Themainfactorsaffectingtheperformanceofanembankmentdamare

（1）seepage;

（2）stability;

and（3）freeboard.Foranembankmentdam,allofthesefactorsareinterrelated.Seepagemaycauseerosionandpiping,whichmayleadtoinstability.Instabilitymaycausecracking,which,inturn,maycausepipinganderosionfailures.Themeasurestakentoimprovethestabilityofanexistingdamagainstseepageandpipingwilldependonthelocationoftheseepage（foundationorembankment）,theseepagevolume,anditscriticality.Embankmentslopestabilityisusuallyimprovedbyflatteningtheslopesorprovidingatoeberm.Thisslopestabilizationisusuallycombinedwithdrainagemeasuresatthedownstreamtoe.Ifthestabilityoftheupstreamslopeunderrapiddrawdownconditionsisofconcern,thenfurtheranalysisand/ormonitoringofresultingporepressuresormodificationsofreservoiroperations

mayeliminateorreducetheseconcerns.Finally,raisinganearthfilldamisusuallyarelativelystraightforwardfillplacementoperation,especiallyiftheextentoftheraisingisrelativelysmall.Theinterfacebetweentheoldandnewfillsmustbegivencloseattentionbothindesignandconstructiontoensurethecontinuityoftheimperviouselementandassociatedfilters.Relativelynewmaterials,suchastheimperviousgeomembranesandreinforcedearth,havebeenusedwithsuccessinraisingembankmentdams.Rehabilitationofanembankmentdam,however,israrely

achievedbyasinglemeasure.Usuallyacombinationofmeasures,suchastheinstallationofacutoffplusapressurereliefsystem,isused.Inrehabilitationwork,theeffectivenessoftherepairsisdifficulttopredict;

often,aphasedapproachtotheworkisnecessary,with