土木工程毕业设计外文翻译Word文件下载.docx

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1.2Eurocodesystem

ThestructuralEurocodeswereinitiatedbytheEuropeanCommissionbutarenowproducedbytheComité

Europé

endeNormalisation（CEN）whichistheEuropeanstandardsorganization,itsmembersbeingthenationalstandardsbodiesoftheEUandEFTAcountries,e.g.BSI.

CENwilleventuallypublishthesedesignstandardsasfullEuropeanStandardsEN（Euronorms）,butinitiallytheyarebeingissuedasPrestandardsENV.NormallyanENVhasalifeofabout3yearstopermitfamiliarizationandtrialuseofthestandardbymemberstates.Afterformalvotingbythememberbodies,ENVsareconvertedintoENstakingintoaccountthenationalcommentsontheENVdocument.AtpresentthefollowingEurocodepartshavebeenpublishedasENVsbutasyetnonehasbeenconvertedtoanEN:

DDENV1991-1-1:

Basisofdesignandactionsonstructures（EC1）

DDENV1992-1-1:

Designofconcretestructures（EC2）

DDENV1993-1-1:

Designofsteelstructures（EC3）

DDENV1994-1-1:

Designofcompositesteelandconcretestructures（EC4）

DDENV1995-1-1:

Designoftimberstructures（EC5）

DDENV1996-1-1:

Designofmasonrystructures（EC6）

DDENV1997-1-1:

Geotechnicaldesign（EC7）

DDENV1998-1-1:

Earthquakeresistantdesignofstructures（EC8）

DDENV1999-1-1:

Designofaluminiumalloystructures（EC9）

EachEurocodeispublishedinanumberofparts,usuallywith‘Generalrules’and‘Rulesforbuildings’inPart1.ThevariouspartsofEC2are:

Part1.1Generalrulesandrulesforbuildings;

Part1.2Supplementaryrulesforstructuralfiredesign;

Part1.3Supplementaryrulesforprecastconcreteelementsandstructures;

Part1.4Supplementaryrulesfortheuseoflightweightaggregateconcrete;

Part1.5Supplementaryrulesfortheuseofunbondedandexternalprestressingtendons;

Part1.6Supplementaryrulesforplainorlightlyreinforcedconcretestructures;

Part2.0Reinforcedandprestressedconcretebridges;

Part3.0Concretefoundations;

Part4.0Liquidretainingandcontainmentstructures.

AllEurocodesfollowacommoneditorialstyle.Thecodescontain‘Principles’and‘Applicationrules’.Principlesaregeneralstatements,definitions,requirementsandsometimesanalyticalmodels.AlldesignsmustcomplywiththePrinciples,andnoalternativeispermitted.

Applicationrulesarerulescommonlyadoptedindesign.TheyfollowthePrinciplesandsatisfytheirrequirements.AlternativerulesmaybeusedprovidedthatcompliancewiththePrinciplescanbedemonstrated.

SomeparametersinEurocodesaredesignatedby|_|,commonlyreferredtoasboxedvalues.TheboxedvaluesintheCodesareindicativeguidancevalues.Eachmemberstateisrequiredtofixtheboxedvalueapplicablewithinitsjurisdiction.SuchinformationwouldbefoundintheNationalApplicationDocument（NAD）whichispublishedaspartofeachENV.

TherearealsootherpurposesforNADs.NADismeanttoprovideoperationalinformationtoenabletheENVtobeused.Forcertainaspectsofthedesign,theENVmayrefertonationalstandardsortoCENstandardinpreparationorISOstandards.TheNADismeanttoprovideappropriateguidanceincludingmodificationsrequiredtomaintaincompatibilitybetweenthedocuments.VeryoccasionallytheNADmightrewriteparticularclausesofthecodeintheinterestofsafetyoreconomy.Thisishoweverrare.

1.3ScopeoftheManual

TherangeofstructuresandstructuralelementscoveredbytheManualislimitedtobuildingstructuresthatdonotrelyonbendingincolumnsfortheirresistancetohorizontalforcesandarealsonon-sway.Thiswillbefoundtocoverthevastmajorityofallreinforcedandprestressedconcretebuildingstructures.InusingtheManualthefollowingshouldbenoted:

•TheManualhasbeendraftedtocomplywithENV1992-1-1togetherwiththeUKNAD

•AlthoughBritishStandardshavebeenreferencedasloadingcodesinSections3and6,tocomplywiththeUKNAD,theManualcanbeusedinconjunctionwithotherloadingcodes

•Thestructuresarebracedandnon-sway

•Theconcreteisofnormalweight

•Thestructureispredominantlyinsitu

•Prestressedconcretemembershavebondedorunbondedinternaltendons

•TheManualcanbeusedinconjunctionwithallcommonlyusedmaterialsinconstruction;

howeverthedatagivenarelimitedtothefollowing:

–concreteuptocharacteristiccylinderstrengthof50N/mm2（cubestrength60）

–high-tensilereinforcementwithcharacteristicstrengthof460

–mild-steelreinforcementwithcharacteristicstrengthof250

–prestressingtendonswith7-wirelow-relaxation（Class2）strands

•Highductility（C