煤炭市场外国文献翻译文档格式.docx

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电子商务〔文〕

班级：

电子商务0903班

时间：

2021年4月24日

电子商务系

英文翻译评价表

学生姓名

别

男

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a.

00

外文文献标题

TheevolutionofhardcoaltradeinthePacificmarket

外文文献出处

EnergyPolicy34（2006）1853-1866

以下内容由指导教师填写〔打勾选择〕

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指导教师签名:

2021年4月25日

英文原文

Abstract

ThisarticleanalysestheevolutionofhardcoaltradeintheAsiaPacificregion,knownasthePacificmarket,fromthe1980stothepresentyears.Itinvestigatesthedevelopmentofthetradepattern,thenatureofcontracts,thepricesetting,thesupplydemandandthefutureoftrade・

Overthelasttwodecades,theinternationaltradeinthePacificmarkethasachieveddramaticincreasesincoalcommerce・ThisachievementisduetostrongdemandinJapanandNorth-eastAsiancountriesandprogressivecoalexportinAustraliaandIndonesia・ItislikelythatthismarketwillcontinuetoexpandandbecomeamoreimportantmarketinreplacingtheAtlanticmarket.

Inthismarket,historically,long-termsupplycontractswereusualandconcludedbetweenproducerandconsumer.Evenrecently,therearestillannualcontracts,butwithasmallnumberofdeals・Incontrast,spottransactionsarenowbecomingmoreimportant.Previously,JapanhadbeeninfluentialinpricesettingbyestablishingabenchmarkpricewithAustraliancoalsuppliers・Afterwardareferencepricewasbecomingatrend・Nowadays,spotpriceIndices,suchastheBarlowJunker,theBarlowJunkerACRandglobalCOAL,havebecomeimportanttoset什leprice.

ThePacificmarketgrowthisnotwithoutproblems.Theexportercountries,particularlyAustraliaandIndonesia,havesomechallengesthatiftheyarenotresolvedatpresent,itwouldimplicatetheperformanceofthecoaltrade.

1.Introduction

Theoilpricerisein1973initiatedanewphaseininternationalhardcoaltrade,providingastrongincentivetoconvertpowerstationsandotherinstallationsfromoiLandresultinginadecisiontoconstructnewcoal-firedplantstouserelativelyinexpensiveimportedcoal.Thetrendwasreinforcedbytheoilpriceincreasein1979,partlybecauseofnewcoal-firedplantscoiningonstream・Sincethentheinternationalmarketforhardcoalhasdevelopedintoitspresentform.Themarkethascontinuouslygrownonaverage%perannurnfromMt（milliontons）in1979toMtin2002.Thetradeininternationalmarketsissmallincomparisonwithtotalcoalconsumption,accountedforabout%ofworldcoalproductionin1979to%in2002・Atpresent,theworldcoalindustryisstilldominatedbylocalproductionforlocalusebuttheinternationalmarketislikelytocontinuetogrow.Thevigorousexpansionoftheinternationalhardcoaltradehasbeenpushedbythreefactors・Thefirstisthatitconcernsaboutmanyminesshutdownoneconomicsgrounds・ThisistrueforEuropeancountriesandsomeAsiancountrieslikeJapanandSouthKorea・Thesecondisthatmorethanhalfofthetotaltradehelpscovergrowingenergyneeds,especiallyintheemergingmarketsoftheAsianeconomicsregion.

Finallyis,althoughofminorsignificanceinquantityterms,agrowingtradeinspecialqualitycoal・specialcokingcoalforimprovingcokingplants'

inputmixesorverylow-sulphurysteamingcoaltoensureadherencetoemissionlimitsinpowerplants）（Grus'

setaL,2002）.

Table1

Worldhardcoaltrade（Mt）

2001

2002©

Growth（%）

World

620.8

622.9

（）.3

Asia-Pacific

310.1

339.3

9.4

EuroMediterranean

250

216.2

-13.5

NorthAmerica

40.6

38.8

-4.4

LatinAmerica

20.6

19.9

-3.4

Source:

IEA（2（X）3）.

Withregardtoregionalmarkets,coalfromanyofthemajorexporterswillfindmarketsineitherEuropeorAsia,dependingprincipallyonfreightcosts・Seabornetransportcoststendtocontributetotheoperationoftworegionalmarkets:

thePacific（Asia）andtheAtlantic（Europe）.ThePacificmarketJapan,northandsouthAsia—issuppliedpreferentiallybyAustralia,IndonesiaandChinabecauseofthegeographicproximity.Forthesamereason,theAtlanticmarketissuppliedpreferentiallybySouthAfrica,Poland,US,ColombiaandVenezuela・

In2002,oftheMttotalinternationalhardcoaltrade,%wasintheAsia-Pacificregionand%wasin什ieEuropean-Mediterraneanregion.TotalcoaltradeintotheAsia-Pacificroseby%toreachnearly340Mtfromyear2001to2002.Conversely,importsintotheEuropean-Mediterraneanmarketdeclinedby%overthesameperiodtoalevelof216Mt.ItislikelythatthePacificmarketwillcontinuetoexpandandbecomeamoreimportantmarketwhiletheAtlanticmarketisdeclining・Table1showsth