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英文
Carsharingusebycollegestudents:
ThecaseofMilanandRome
LuciaRotaris,RomeoDanielis,IlaMaltesec
Abstract
Thepaperanalysescarsharing(CS)usebycollegestudentsintheItaliancitiesofRomeandMilan.WeuseanadaptedstatedpreferenceapproachtostudyCSpreferencesbycollectinginformationontheindividualmobilitypatternsandbydistinguishingbetweencommutingandnon-commutingtrips.WedevelopsixhypotheticalscenariostoexplorehowmobilitydecisionwouldchangewhenvaryingthecharacteristicsofthecurrentCSsupply.WeestimatearandomparameterdiscretechoicemodeltoevaluateCSpreferencesandsimulatedCSdemand.ThemainfindingisthatcollegestudentsuseCSonanoccasionalbasisandvaryrarelytheirhabitualtransportchoice.Thestudentspreferthefree-floatingCStypeoverthestation-basedorroundtripone.LowerfaresandahigherCSsupplyofpreferablyelectriccarswouldincreasethenumberofCSstudentusersfromthecurrent2%toupto10–15%.CSsubstitutesmainlytheprivatecarand,toalesserextent,publictransport.
Keywords:
Carsharing,Collegestudents,Statedpreference,Traveldemand
1.
Introduction
Inthelastfouryears,Italiancitieshaveexperiencedalargeincreaseincarsharing(CS)servicesupply.InItaly,CSisofferedbytwotypesoforganization:
state-sponsoredcompaniesandprivatecompanies.Theformeroffereithera
roundtriporastation-basedservice,andsomeofthemaresupportedbytheCarSharingInitiative(ICS,IniziativaCarSharing),promotedandfinancedbytheMinistryoftheEnvironment(Ministerodell'
AmbienteedelTerritorio,2018).Accordingto
Istat(2016),in2014roundtriporstation-basedCSwasofferedin23medium-largeItaliancities.Intheyears2011–2014,thenumberofavailablevehiclesincreasedfrom656to915andthenumberofstationsincreasedfrom435to521.Therealgamechangerwasthemarketentryoftheprivatecompaniessupplyingfree-floatingsystems.
Itisestimatedthat,intotal,bytheendof20177,679CScarswereinservice,managedby29CScompanies(Ministerodell’AmbienteedellaTuteladelTerritorioedelMare,2018).
Notwithstandingtherecentgrowth,manyareasofuncertaintyexistanddeservemoreresearch.AnimportantoneregardstheCSdemand.TheCSmarketisstillinitsinitialphase.Thesuppliersareadjustingtheirbusinessmodelsinanefforttocontrolcostsandmakeaprofit.Theusershaveyettoadapttheirtransportmodechoices.ItisunclearwhetherCSisusedmerelyonoccasionalbasisorifitistosomeextentahabitualtransportmodechoice.ThepreferencestructureofCSdemandisunknown.TheCSprovidersneedtoknowthepreferencesofthecurrentandpotentialdemandinordertobettermeetthecustomers’needsandtoincreasetheirmarketshare.Furthermore,intheItaliancontext,thesubstitutionbetweenCSandothertransportmodesremains,byandlarge,unexplored.ThisinformationiscrucialnotonlyforevaluatingtheimpactofCSonsocialandenvironmentalefficiency,butalsoforunderstandingthedistributionalimpactsonothertransportsuppliers,andconsequently,theacceptabilityofCS.
InthispaperthesetopicsareanalyzedwithrespecttocollegestudentsattendingtheUniversitiesofMilanandRome.TheresearchisspecificallyfocusedoncollegestudentsbecausetheyrepresentanimportantcurrentandpotentialsegmentoftheCSmarket.Aresearchconductedin2016involving37Italianuniversitiesand70.000individualsestimatesthat11%oftheuniversitystudentsintervieweduseafree-floatingCSservice,while4%useastation-basedCSservice.
Lodigiani(2017)reportsthatinMilan27%ofCSmembersarecollegestudentsandtheyusetheservicemorefrequentlythantheothermarketsegments.ArecentstudycarriedoutinRomebythelocaladministrationreportsthat90%ofcollegestudentshavea
driverlicense
butonly35%haveaprivatevehicleandrepresentapromisingandlargepotentialsegmentfortheCSproviders.Moreover,itiswellknownthatyounggenerationsaremoresensitivetoenvironmentalissuesandgreenproducts,andfinditeasiertoaccepttechnologicalchanges,asfoundby
Yuetal.(2016).YoungerpeoplehavelimiteddisposableincomeandfindadvantageoustouseCS,sinceitallowsthemtoavoidthefixedcostsofowingaprivatecarandthefeestobepaidwhentravellingdowntown(parkingandcongestioncharges).Finally,assuggestedby
MartinandShaheen(2011b),collegestudentshaveahighlydynamiclife,characterizedbyfrequentmoving,changesinroommates,employment,courseschedules,andvehicles.Often,theyliveindifferentcitiesandhousesduringdifferenttimesoftheyear.Theirtravelpatterncanbeverydifferentfromoneyeartothenext.Consequently,itisadvisabletostudytheirmobilityneedsinaseparateandsegment-specificstudy.