跨文化总结Word文档格式.docx
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Cultureisthedepositofknowledge,experience,beliefs,values,actions,attitudes,hierarchies,religions,notionsoftime,role,spatialrelations,conceptsoftheuniverse,andartifactsacquiredbyagroupofpeopleinthecourseofgenerationsthroughindividualandgroupstriving.
3.Thedefinitionofsubcultures
Subculturesexistwithindominantculture,andareoftenbasedoneconomicorsocialclass,ethnicity,race,orgeographicregion.
4.Scholarsofdifferentfieldsdefinedculturefromtheirownperspectives
Anthropologicalperspective,psychologicalperspective,sociologicalperspective,interculturalperspective,etc.
5.Ourdefinitionofculture
Wedefinecultureasthedepositofknowledge,experience,beliefs,values,actions,attitudes,hierarchies,religions,notionsoftime,roles,spatialrelations,conceptsoftheuniverse,andartifactsacquiredbyagroupofpeopleinthecourseofgenerationsthroughindividualandgroupstriving.
6.Characteristicsofculture
(1)cultureislearned
(2)cultureisdynamic(3)cultureispervasive(4)cultureisintegrated(5)cultureisadaptive
(1)cultureislearned:
a.Welearnourculturethroughproverbs
b.Welearnourculturefromfolklorec.Welearnourculturethroughartd.Welearnourculturethroughmassmedia
7.Cultureidentitydefined:
Cultureidentityreferstoone’ssenseofbelongingtoaparticularcultureorethnicgroup.Peopleconsciouslyidentifythemselveswithagroupthathasasharedsystemofsymbolsandmeaningsaswellasnormsforconduct.
8.Formationofcultureidentity
a.unexaminedcultureidentity
b.cultureidentitysearch
c.cultureidentityachievement
9.Characteristicsofcultureidentity
Cultureidentityiscentraltoaperson’ssenseofself
Cultureidentityisdynamic,andone’scultureidentity
Cultureidentityisalsomultifacetedcomponentsoftheirself-concept.
10.thedefinitionofsubculture
Subculturesexistwithindominantculture,andoftenbasedoneconomicorsocialclass,ethnicity,race,orgeographicregion.
11.componentsofcommunication
a.sender/sourceb.messagec.encodingd.channele.receiverf.decodingg.feedbackh.noise
12.Inwesternculture,communicationisstudiedasthemeansoftransmittingideas.Westernculturesemphasizetheinstrumentalfunctionofcommunication;
thatis,effectivenessisevaluatedintermsofsuccessinthemanipulationofotherstoachieveone’spersonalgoal.
13.thecomponentsofnoise
a.externalnoise(外界干扰)b.physiologicalnoise(生理干扰)c.psychologicalnoise(心理干扰)d.semanticnoise(语义干扰)
14.thecomponentsofcontext
a.thephysicalcontextb.thesocialcontextc.theinterpersonalcontext.
15.Whatistherelationshipbetweencultureandcommunication?
cultureinherently(天性的,固有的)containcommunicationsystems.Communicationandcultureareinseparable.A.culturesgeneratesymbols,rituals(宗教习惯),customs,andformats.
16.Howdoescultureaffectitscommunicationstyle?
Eachcultureencouragesaparticularcommunicationstyleexpectedwithinit.Thisimpliesnotonlyusingcorrectsymbols,butalsoapplyingtheappropriatecommunicationstylefortheoccasion.
17.Thedefinitionofinterculturalcommunication
Morepreciselyinterculturalcommunicationiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionandsymbolsystemaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.
18.Formsofinterculturalcommunication
a.internationalcommunicationb.interracialcommunicationc.interethniccommunicationd.intracultural(同一文化内的)communication
19.thedefinitionofanxietyanduncertainty
a.anxietyoccursbecauseofnotknowingwhatoneisexpectedtodo,andfocusingonthatfeelingandnotbeingtotallypresentinthecommunicationtransaction(事务).
b.uncertaintyreferstoourcognitiveinabilitytoexplainourownorothers’feelingsandbehaviorsininteractionsbecauseofanambiguous(含糊的,模棱两可的)situationthatevokesanxiety.
20.Strategiestoovercomeanxietyanduncertainty
A.wedirectlygatherinformationthroughverbalinterrogation(询问)orbyaskingourcounterpartsquestionsaboutthemselves.
B.weopenourselvestoourcounterparts(极其相似的人)bydisclosingpersonalinformationthattheydonotknow.
21.Assumingsimilarityinsteadofdifference(假定相似性代替差异性)重点考案例分析
Thesecondbarrierisassumingsimilarityinsteadofdifference.Itreferstotheideathatpeoplecomingfromanotherculturearemoresimilartoyouthanactuallyareorthatanotherperson’ssituationismoresimilartoyoursthanitinfactis.(假定一致性是指认为来自另一文化的他人和自己相似或他人的处境相似,而事实上却并非如此).
22.Thedefinitionofethnocentrism(民族中心主义)。
Ethnocentrismreferston