曼哈顿语法Threesu总结.docx
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曼哈顿语法Threesu总结
第一眼：
先找主谓，看可能存在哪些知识点，固定搭配（such.like），对比平行并列，修饰：
分词形式起头（同位语从句对象要对等，逻辑主语要看准）；比较对象是否可比；
第二眼：
找句子主干，看主谓一致，找代词，出现which,where,whose之类的看代词，看指代有无错误，看时态有无错误
看修饰对象是否错误；
第三眼：
看逻辑意思是否遭到改变，观察句子结构是否完整；
介词结构后置会导致句子出现歧义
#Meaning
#做SC的最佳步骤
1、读一遍原句，确认自己读懂意思（自己记下出错的点）
2、从上到下阅读选项，寻找不同点split（开头，结尾）
3、选择一个比较简单的不同点作为切入点
4、尽量在第一个split做决定
5、不要再看已经被确定dead的选项
6、Putyourfinalanswerbackintotheoriginalsentence
时间要以写句子时间为threshold，以此用will等时态
指代的时候，that指代单数，thoseisplural
#Pointsforconsideration:
Grammar:
DoesthesentenceadheretotherulesofStandardWrittenEnglish?
Meaning:
Doesthesentenceclearlyindicatetheauthor’sintendedmeaning?
#Considerthefollowingpairsof“cousin”wordsandexpressions,togetherwiththeirdistinctmeanings
#aggravate（worsen）vsaggravating（irritating）
#knownas（named）vsknowntobe（acknowledgedas）
#lossof（nolongerinpossessionof）vslossin（declineinvalue）
#mandate（command）vshaveamandate（haveauthorityfromvotes）
#rangeof（varietyof）vsranging（varying）
#rateof（speedorfrequencyof）vsratesfor（pricesfor）
#rise（generalincrease）vsraise（abetorasalaryincreaseinAmericanEnglish）
#trytodo（seektoaccomplish）vstrydoing（experimentwith）
①Economic-经济的；economical-节约的；合算的；有效的
⑧Rateof–速度或频率；ratesfor–价格…
⑨Rise–上升,形容无方向，单纯上升；raise-（打赌或工资）上涨，有方向
⑩Suchas–比如；like-好像（举例只能用suchas,不能用like）
⑿impale-刺穿；impel-逼迫
unqualifying与unqualified（frommanhattan）
unqualifying释义:
notmeetingsomesortofstandardforqualification没有达到一些合格的标准
unqualified释义:
withoutanysortofrestrictionorreservation没有任何限制
#SomecertainHelpingVerbs,suchasmay,will,mustandshouldwillchangethemeaningalotwhenchanged.
#XisnativetoYisusedtosaythatX（aspecies）isfromY（aplace）.TheexpressionX（anindividual）isanativeofY（place）tellsusthatXwasborninY.
#XisknownasYmeansthatXiscommonlyreferredtobythenameY.XisknowntoYmeansthatdoingYisacharacteristicbehaviorofX.
#18
Exceptingusuallyappearsinnegativeconstructions
#23
thinkofxasy
#Theidiomaticexpressionisefforttoratherthaneffortof
#47
prohibitsxfromdoingy=forbidsxtodoy
不存在prohibitxtodo
#51
owedrestitutiontoxforyiscorrectlyused
#Ascanbeaprepositionmeaning“inthecapacityof,”butmoreoftenisaconjunctionofmannerandisfollowedbyaverb.Likeisgenerallyusedasapreposition,andthereforeisfollowedbyanoun,anobjectpronoun,oraverbendingin–ing
Fewerreferstoaspecificnumber,whereaslessthanreferstoacontinuousquantity.Between…andisthecorrectformtodesignateachoice.Fatherreferstodistance,whereasfurtherreferstodegree
#estimatedshouldbefollowedbytheinfinitivetobe,nottheprepositionat,unlessthewriterintendstoindicatealocationatwhichsomeonemadetheestimate.
#inadditionto除。
。
。
之外
#32
Phenomena为phenomenon的复数形式
continue这个词，对于时态方面有一点特殊性：
1）不用进行时态；2）不用两种以上的时态
关于soasto连写。
Soasto跟to并不是完全对等的！
soasto里面有as这个连词，隔开前后，前面的统统是过程，后面统统是目的，而to没有连词，如果todo做状语，修饰的是最近谓语动词。
3、词在句中的位置
（1）要关注一些重点词，all,only；位置不同句子意思也不一样。
EG:
ONLYthecouncilvotesonThursdays.ThecouncilvotesONLYonThursdays.
（2）关注句子的整体顺序，是否会产生歧义；EG：
主被动语序强调的对象不同。
（3）在英语中，一般主语会放在谓语前面，因此一般不会用倒装结构，除非开头是否定词。
定语从句中，一般不用倒装。
例如：
OG129。
#V-A-N
V-A-N=Verb>Adjective（ornoun）>Noun
（1）preferaverbtoanActionNoun
一般是加了一个was或者make
（2）PreferaThat-Clause（withverbs）toaseriesofPhrases（withnouns）
（3）PreferaVerbtoaAdjective
（4）PreferanAdjectivetoaNoun
（5）PreferanAdverbtoaPrepositionalPhrase
（6）PreferanAdjectivetoanAdjectiveClausewithBe
（7）RemoveITIS...THAT...
#Concision:
Don’tMakeItTooShort
（1）KeepthePrepositionalPhraseifYouNeedTo
Whentheprepositionisof,youcanalmostdefinitelyreplaceit.
However,whenyouhaveatimeperiod,quantity,orothermeasurementasthefirstword,keeptheprepositionalphrasewithof.
（2）KeepThatOforThoseOfifYouNeedTo
（3）KeepThatafteraReportingVerb
AReportingVerb,suchasindicate,claim,contend,orreport,ofteninfactreportsorotherwiseincludesathoughtorbelief.
Subject-VerbAgreement
Ifasentenceismissingthesubjectortheverb,thesentenceisaFragment.
观察句子时，EliminatetheMiddlemen,andskiptheWarmup
1.PrepositionalPhrases（ofmice,formilk,by1800）
2.SubordinateClauses（theclausesbeginwithconnectingwordssuchaswhoorwhich,theymodifyotherpartsofthesentence,actingas“bigadjectives”or“bigadverbs”.
3.OtherModifiers（somemodifierswhichdescribeotherportionsofthesentence）
#Andvs.AdditivePhrases
Thewordandcanunitetwoormoresingularsubjects,formingacompoundpluralsubject
ThefollowingcompoundsubjectsarecalledAdditivePhrases
alongwithPollyinadditiontosurgeryaswellasthemayor
accompaniedbymetogetherwithatieincludingsaltandpepper
Joe,aswellashisfriends,isgoingtothebeach.
Mathematics,inadditiontohistoryandscience,isarequiredsubject.
Themathematicsissingular,althoughitendsinan–s.
2.notonly…butalso连接两个主语时，谓语动词要和与其最近的主语保持人称和数的一致。
例如：
Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheteacherwasagainsttheplan./Notonlytheteacherbutalsothestudentswereagainsttheplan.
#Or,Either…or,&Neither…Nor
Findthenounnearesttotheverb,andmakesurethattheverbagreesinnumberwiththisnoun.
若仅仅只有eitherorneither,没有or、nor，则谓语动词一定要用单数
EG:
Neitherthechildrenisgoingtoschool.
#CollectiveNouns:
AlmostAlwaysSingular
People:
agency,army,audience,class,committee,crowd,orchestra,team
Items:
baggage,citrus,equipment,fleet,fruit,furniture
InGMATtest,almostallcollectivenounsaresingular.
#IndefinitePronouns:
UsuallySingular
Anyone,anybody,anything
Each,every（aspronouns）
**Everydoghaspaws.
***Everydogandcathaspaws.
****Eachoftheseshirtsispretty.
*****Theyeacharegreattennisplayers.（thepluralsubjecttheyrequiresthepluralverbformare）
Everyone,everybody,everything
Either,neither（mayrequireapluralverbifpairedwithor/nor）
Noone,nobody,nothing
Someone,somebody,something
Whatever,whoever
However,thefollowingfiveindefinitepronounsareeithersingularorpluraldependingonthecontextofthesentence:
Some,Any,None,All,More/Most.
Howcanyoutellifthesepronounsaresingularorplural?
Thinkaboutmeaning,andlookattheof-phrasewhichusuallyfollowsthepronoun.（不定代词所真实指代的是单数还是复数）
Noneoftheattempts用单数explains
Ex:
Someofthemoneywasstolenfrommywallet
Someofthedocumentswerestolenfromthebank
#Of-prepositionalphraserule
Youcanignoretheof-prepositionalphraseinreadingthesentence.However,theruleiswrongwhenfacingthefollowingcircumference.
Anumberof/halfof/majority/minority/plurality
Themajorityofthestudentsinthisclassarehardworkers.
IntheSenate,themajorityhascoalescedintoaunifiedvotingblock.
#SubjectandPhrasesandClauses:
AlwaysSingular
Havinggoodfriendsisawonderfulthing
Whatevertheywanttodoisfinewithme
#Flipit!
Wrong:
NearthebuildingsSITalonelyhouse,inhabitedbysquatters.
Flipit!
:
Alonelyhouse,inhabitedbysquatters,SITSnearthosebuildings.
Right:
NearthebuildingsSITSalonelyhouse,inhabitedbysquatters.
Wrong:
ThereISayoungmanandanoldwomanatthebusstop.
Flipit!
:
AyoungmanandanolderwomanAREthereatthebusstop.
Right:
ThereAREayoungmanandanolderwomanatthebusstop.
即重点为找到主语，以此来确定主谓一致。
Uncertain:
Pongisaclassicgamefromwhichhave/hasdescendedmanycurrentcomputerpastimes.
Flipit!
:
PongisaclassicgamefromwhichmanycurrentcomputerpastimesHAVEdescended.
Right:
PongisaclassicgamefromwhichHAVEdescendedmanycurrentcomputerpastimes.
#Parallelism
Comparablesentencepartsmustbestructurallyandlogicallysimilar.
thepointhereisthattheverbsdon'thavetobeinthesametensejustbecausetheyareinaparallelstructure.theonlyrequirementofgrammaticalparallelismisthis:
ifoneofthestructuresisaVERB,thentheotherstructuremustalsobeaVERB.
asisalwaysthecase,thetensesoftheseverbsaredeterminedentirelybythecontextofthesentence.thefirstverbisinthepresentperfectbecauseitreferstoapatternthathaspersisteduntilthepresentmoment,whilethesecondverbisinthefuturetensebecauseitdescribesafutureaction.
#ParallelMarkers
#Parallelism:
ConcreteNounsandActionNouns
SimplegerundphrasesareNEVERPARALLELtocomplexgerundphrases.
#WhatElseIsConsideredParallel
1.WorkingVerbs
TheplantBOTHexceededoutputtargetsANDransomesmoothlythanever
2.Infinitives
3.Adjectives,PastParticiples,andPresentParticiples（usedasadjectives）
4.Clauses
Onlyclausesstartingwiththesamewordshouldbemadeparallel.
#
#Pronouns
Antecedentsshouldbeconsistentwithpronouns.（it,its,they,them,their）
This,that,theseandthosecanindicatea“NewCopy”orcopiesoftheantecedent.However,whenyouuseit,they,orotherpersonalpronouns,youmeanthesameactualthingastheantecedent.
EX:
Themoneyspentbyherparentsislessthanthatspentbyherchildren.
Themoneyspentbyherparentsismorethanitwasexpected.
（ThisandThataresingularwhiletheseandthoseareplural）
choice（d）uses"this"asastandalonepronoun.that'sprettymuchneveracceptableinaformalwrittensentence.
ifyou'regoingtouse"this",youshoulduseitasanadjective:
thisthing,thisfinding,thisstatistic,etc.
#OtherPronouns
There
Technicallyanadverb,theremeans“inthatplace.”Theantecedentplaceisoftenreferredtoinaprepositionalphraseandshouldbeanoun,notanad
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