机械毕业设计纸浆和造纸行业中的无水氨压力容器毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文文档格式.docx

机械毕业设计纸浆和造纸行业中的无水氨压力容器毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文文档格式.docx

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纸浆和造纸行业中的无水氨压力容器

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2017.02.14

附录一外文原稿：

AnhydrousAmmoniaPressureVesselsInThePulpAndPaperIndustry

Thepurposeofthisarticleistoensurethatpulpandpaperoperatingcompanies,theirengineeringconsultants,andinspectioncontractorsareinformedaboutstresscorrosioncrackinginanhydrousammoniaservice.TheinformationwaswrittenbyataskgroupoftheTAPPIEngineeringDivisionNondestructiveTestingandQualityControlSubcommittee.

Bacteriainsomeactivatedsludgeeffluenttreatmentsystemsrequiresupplementaryfood.Insomecases,thisfoodisprovidedbyammoniaandphosphoricacidwhicharestoredonthemillsite.Ammoniaiscommonlystoredasanhydrousliquidammoniaincarbonsteelvesselsatambienttemperatureand16bar（250psig）pressure.

Thesevesselscanbesubjecttostresscorrosioncracking（SCC）.SCCcouldcausereleaseofammonia,whichisahazardouschemical.SCCofcarbonsteelvesselsinanhydrousammoniaserviceissomewhatanalogoustothatexperiencedincontinuousdigesters.Forexample,theimportancesofstressreliefduringfabricationandofin-serviceinspectionarecommontoboth.

Thisarticleconcernsstorageinhorizontalpressurevesselsatambienttemperature,asthistypeofvesselisusedinpulpandpaperapplications.Largerefrigeratedstoragetanksareusedforatmosphericpressurestorageinthechemicalindustry.

HistoryofSccInAmmoniaStorageVessels

ThehistoryofSCCincarbonsteelammoniastoragevesselswasreviewedbyLoginow

（1）andisalsobrieflysummarizedinaNACETechnicalCommitteeReportentitled“IntegrityofEquipmentinAnhydrousAmmoniaStorageandHandling”

（2）.Inthe1950s,liquefiedammoniabegantobeinjecteddirectlyintosoilforfertilization.FailureofcarbonsteelstoragevesselsbySCCbegantooccur.Thesefailureswereunexpectedsinceliquefiedammoniahadbeenusedformanyyearsintherefrigeration,chemical,andmetalheattreatingindustrieswithoutreportedproblems.

InvestigationconfirmedSCCtobethecauseofcracking.Threerecommendationsweremadein1962thatstillformthebasisofmoderncodes:

•Pressurevesselsshouldbefullystressrelieved.

•Extremecareshouldbeusedtoeliminateoxygenfromammoniasystems.

•Ammoniashouldcontainatleast0.2%watertoinhibitSCC.

LoginowreportedthatadoptionoftheserecommendationspracticallyeliminatedSCCincarbonsteelvesselsintheagricultureindustry.However,inarecentWesternCanadiansurveySCCwasfoundin100of117fieldstoragevesselsinspectedbywetfluorescentmagneticparticletesting（WFMT）（3）.

DespitetheabovemeasuresSCCcontinuedtooccurinroadtransporttanksconstructedfromhighstrengthsteels,inrefrigeratedstoragevesselsandinvesselswhichhadbeenweldrepairedbutnotsubsequentlystressrelieved.AnadditionalrecommendationtolimitsteeltensileoryieldstrengthwasembodiedintheU.S.andBritishammoniastoragecodes,respectively（4,5）.

•ANSIK61.1—Nominaltensilenogreaterthan70,000psi（580MPa）

•U.K.Code—Minimumspecifiedyieldstrengthshallnotexceed350MPa（51,000psi）.

PRACTICALCONSIDERATIONS

Thisarticleisconcernedmainlywithpracticalconsiderationsimportanttopulpandpapermillsalreadypossessinganhydrousammoniastoragevesselsorplanningtofabricatesuchvessels.Inviewoftheindustry’sexperiencewithSCCincontinuousdigestersthegoverningobjectivesshouldbetocontrolfabricationandinspectiontoprevent,oratleastminimize,in-serviceproblemsincludingover-reactiontorelativelyminorcrackindications.Guidanceisavailableinthepublishedcodesanddetailedinformationisavailablefromsomeammoniasuppliers.

Fabrication

Thetwomainobjectivesinfabricationshouldbetoprovidethemostcrackresistantvesselpossibleatreasonablecostandtoensurethatanadequateinspectionbaselineisavailableforinterpretationofsubsequentin-serviceinspections.

ASMESectionVIIIDivision1doesnotrequirestressreliefforanhydrousammoniastoragepressurevesselsunlesstheownerspecifiesalethalservicedesignation.

Thelethalservicedesignationrequiresradiographictesting（RT）ofallbuttweldedjointspluspostweldheattreatment.

ANSIK-61.1-1989,“AmericanNationalStandardSafetyRequirementsfortheStorageandHandlingofAnhydrousAmmonia,”addsseveralrequirements:

•FabricationtoASMESectionVIIIDivision1TableUW12atajointefficiencylessthan80%isnotallowed.

•InspectionandtestingunderUG-90（c）

（2）（multiple,duplicatepressurevesselfabrication）isnotallowed.

•Steelusedforpressurecontainingpartsshallhaveanominaltensilestrengthnogreaterthan580MPa（70,000psi）.

•Theminimumdesignpr