毕业设计英文翻译爆破在岩巷掘进中的应用及井巷支护_精品文档Word文档格式.doc

毕业设计英文翻译爆破在岩巷掘进中的应用及井巷支护_精品文档Word文档格式.doc

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SHAFTANDDRIFTEXCAVATIONBYBLASTING@#@ANDSHAFTSUPPORT@#@1APPLICATIONOFBLASTINGINSHAFTANDDRIFTEXCAVATION@#@1.1FRAGMENTATION@#@Fragmentationisthebreakingofcoal,ore,orrockbyblastingsothatthebulkofthematerialissmallenoughtoload,handleandtransport.Fragmentationwouldbeatitsbestwhenthedebrisisnotsmallerthannecessaryforhandlingandnotsolargeastorequirehandbreakingorsecondaryblasting.@#@Energymustbesuppliedtorockbydirectorindirectmeanstofragmentthatrockandthetypeofloadingsystem.Fragmentationenergyisconsumedbythemainmechanisms:

@#@

（1）creationofnewsurfacearea（fractureenergy）,

（2）friction（plasticity）and（3）elasticwaveenegydispersion.@#@Theloadingmethoddeterminestherelativeproportionsandtheamountofenergyconsumedinfragmentingagivenrocktype.Unonfinedtensilefailureconsumestheleastenergywithanincreasinga,mountofenergyrequiredastherockismorehighlyconfinedwithinacompressivestressfieldduringfragmentationThewayenergyisappliedbytoolstocauserockormineralfragmentationisimportantindeterminingfragmentationefficiency.Tobestdesignfragmentationtoolsandoptimizefragmentationsystemsitwouldbedesirabletoknowhowrockpropertiesinfluencebreakage.@#@Thestrengthofrockisinfluencedbytheenvironmentalconditionsimposedontherock.Thoseofmostimportanceinrockare

（1）confiningpressure,

（2）porefluidpressure,（3）temperatureand（4）rateofloadapplication.Increaseinconfiningpressure,aswithincreasingdepthbeneaththearth'@#@ssurfaceorundertheactionofafragmentationtool,causesanincreaseinrockstrength.Apparentrockstrengthdecreasesasporcfluidpressureincreases,sinceitdecreasestheeffectofconfiningpressure.Althoughchemicaleffectsofporefluidsinfluencerockstrength,theygenerallyaresmallcomparedtotheconfiningpressureeffect,exceptforasmallminorityofrocktypes.Increaseinrocktemperaturecausesadecreaseinrockstrength.Thiseffectisverysmallbecauseofthesmallambienttemperaturechangesfoundduringmining.Anincreaseinrateofloadapplicationcausesanapparentincreaseinrockstrength.@#@Rockexhibitsdirectionalpropertiesthatinfluencethewayitbreaks.Theseareembodiedintheconceptofrockfabric,whichconnotesthestructureorconfigurationoftheaggregatecomponentsaswellasthephysicalormechanicalpropertymanifestations.Rockfabricontonlyrelatestothepreferredorientationofmineralconstituentsandtheirplanesofweakness,butalsototheconfigurationofdiscontinuities,microcracksandpores.Jointsandbeddingplaneshavegreatinfluenceonfragmentationatfieldscale.@#@Physicalpropertiesofrock（density,indentation,hardness,abrasivehardnessandporosity,）arefrequentlyusedinconjunctionwithmechanicalpropertiestodevelopbetterempiricalestimationsofrockfragmentation.@#@1.2BLASTHOLECHARGINGMETHODS@#@Drillholechargingcanbecarriedoutindifferentwaysdependingonwhethertheexplosiveusedisincartridgesorintheformofloosematerial.Theoldestchargingmethodimpliestheuseofatampingrodandthissystemisstillusedtoaverygreatextent.Duringthelast20years,compressedairchargershavebeenusedandthesemachinesprovidebothgoodcapacityandalsoanimprovedlevelofchargeconcentrationsothatthedrillholesareutilizedtoahigherdegree.Duringthelastfewyearssemi-automaticchargershavebeentakenintouse,primarilyinundergroundwork.Compressedairchargersforblastingpowderintheformofloosematerialhavealsocomeintouseonalargescale.Asfarasslurryblastingisconcerned,specialpumpingmethodshavebeendevelopedthroughwhichchargingcapacityinthecaseoflargediameterdrillholesispracticallygood.@#@Atampingrodmustbemadeofwoodorplastic.Itmustnotbetoothickinrelationtothedrillholediametersincethiscancrushanddamagefuseorelectricdetonatorcablesduringchargingwork.Ifagooddegreeofpackingistobeobtainedduringchargingwithatampingrodthenonlyonecartridgeatatimeshouldbechargedandtamped.Thedetonatormustbecorrectlyfedintothedrillholeduringchargingwork.@#@CompressedairchargershavebeeninuseisSwedenforabout20years.Thefirsttypeconsistedofaluminumpipesconnectedtogetherandthecartridgeswereblownintotheholewithanairpressureof42poundspersquareinch.sincethattimethechargingtubehasbeenreplacedbyanti-statictreatedplastichoseofaspecialdesign.Achargerincludesafoot-operatedvalve,reductionvavlewithairhose,breech,connectingtubeandcharginghose.@#@Thesemi-automaticchargerpermitsthecontinuousinsertionofexplosivecartridgeatthesamerateastheyarechargedintheholebythehose.Insteadofavalvebeingused,thecartridgespassthroughanairlockbetweent