朗文听说教程2听力原文文档格式.docx

朗文听说教程2听力原文文档格式.docx

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TEACHER:

Goodmorning,everybody.Goodmorning,Felipe,Monica,Theo,...andIcan’trememberyourname.

STUDENT1:

Patricia.

Right,Patricia.Thoseareallbeautifulnames,andthat’sourtopictoday—names.Namesareaculturaluniversal.Thismeanseveryoneusesnames.Aperson’snamecantellusabitaboutaperson’sfamily.Today,we’llbeginbylookingatfirstnamesandhowpeoplechoosenamesfortheirchildren.Andthenwe’lltalkaboutfamilynames,andlookatthedifferentcategoriesoffamilynames.AlthoughthescopeofthelecturetodayisEnglish-languagenames,wecanusethesameapproach,youknow,tolookatnamesfromanyculture.Let’stakeabrieflookatfirst,orgiven,names.Thereareseveralwaysparentschoosethefirstnamefortheirchild.Thefirstwayisbyfamilyhistory.Parentsmaychooseanamebecauseitispassedfromgenerationtogeneration;

forexample,thefirstbornsonmightbenamedafterhisfatherorgrandfather.Althoughfamilynamesarealsopassedtodaughters,itisusuallyasamiddlename.Adding“junior”or“thesecond”—forexample,WilliamParkerthesecond—isonlydonewith

boys’,notwithgirls’names.Thesecondwayparentschooseanameisafterafamilymemberorfriendwhohasdiedrecently,oraftersomeonetheyadmire,likeawell-knownleaderorafamousmusician.AlthoughmostEnglishfirstnamesmeansomething,forexample,“Richard”meanspowerfuland“Ann”meansgrace,nowadaysmeaningisnotthemainreasonpeopleselecttheirbaby’sname.Thethirdwayistoprovidea“push”forthechild.Parentswanttochooseanamethatsoundsvery“successful.”Astrongnamemighthelptheminthebusinessworld,forexample.Ortheymightchooseanamethatworksforeithergender,likeTaylororTerry.So,giventhesethreemethods,whatisthemostcommonwayparentschooseaname?

Manyparentschooseanamesimplybecausetheylikeit,orbecauseit’sfashionableorclassic.Fashionsinnameschangejustastheydoinclothes.Onehundredyearsago,manynamescamefromtheBible—namessuchas

Daniel,andAnna,andHannahandMatthew.Then,fiftyyearsago,Biblicalnameswentoutoffashion.Nowadays,namesfromtheBiblearebecomingpopularagain.Similarly,parentsoftenchooseclassicnames,namesthatwerepopularin1900,1950,andarestillpopularnow.ClassicnamesforboysincludeThomas,David,Robert,andMichael.Andforgirls:

Anna,Elizabeth,Emily,andKatherine,justtonameafew.They’reclassic.Theynevergooutofstyle.Let’slookattheoriginoflastnames,alsocalledfamilynamesorsurnames.Researchershavestudiedthousandsoflastnames,andthey’vedividedthemintofourcategories.Thecategoriesare:

placenames,patronymics,addednames,andoccupationalnames.Arecentsurveyshowedthatofthe7,000mostpopularnamesintheUnitedStatestoday,43percentwereplacenames,32percentwerepatronymics,15percentwereoccupationalnames,and9percentwereaddednames.

Thefirstcategoryisplacenames.Placenamesusuallyidentifiedwhereapersonlivedorworked.SomeonenamedJohnHilllivednearahill,forexample,andtheRiversfamilylivednearariver.IfyouhearthenameEmmaBridges,...whatimagedoyousee?

Doyouseeafamilythatlivesnearabridge?

Ifyoudo,yougettheidea.Thesecondcategoryispatronymics.That’sP-A-T-R-O-N-Y-M-I-C-S.Apatronymicisthe

father’sname,plusanendinglikeS-E-NorS-O-N.Theendingmeansthatachild,aboy,

isthesonofhisfather.ThenamesRobertson,Petersen,andWilsonarepatronymics.RobertsonissonofRobert,PetersenissonofPeter,andsoon.

Thethirdcategoryisaddednames.Linguistssometimescallthiscategory“nicknames,”butwhenmostofusheartheword“nickname,”wethinkofaspecialnameafriendora

parentmightuse.Theword“nickname”isactuallyanoldEnglishwordthatmeansanadditionalname,anaddedname.SoI’llusetheterm“addedname.”Thiscategoryoflastnamesisfunbecausethenamesusuallydescribedaperson.Reed,Baldwin,andBiggsareexamples.Reedwasfrom“red”forredhair.Baldwinwassomeonewhowasbald,someonewhohadlittleornohair.AndBiggs?

STUDENT2:

Someonebig?

Yeah,someonebig,right.Now,ifwelookaroundtheroom,wecouldprobablycomeupwithsomenewlastnames,like,uh,CurlyorStrong.

Now,thefourthcategoryisoccupationalnames.Theoriginofthefamilynamewastheperson’soccupation.ThemostcommonexamplesofoccupationalnamesstillusedtodayareBaker（someonewhobakesbread）,Tailor（someonewhosewsclothes）,Miller（someonewhomakesflourforbread）,andSmith....Now,SmithisactuallythemostcommonnameinthewesternEnglish-speakingworld.ThenamecomesfromanOldEnglishword,smite,that’sS-M-I-T-E,whichmeanstohitorstrike.Intheolddays,asmithmademetalthing