雅思阅读篇Word文档下载推荐.docx

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8.PlaceboEffect—ThePowerofNothing安慰剂效应（P25）

9.TheoriginsofLaughter笑的起源（P29）

10.RainwaterHarvesting雨水收集（P32）

11.Serendipity:

TheAccidentalScientists科学偶然性（P36）

12.Terminated!

DinosaurEra!

恐龙时代的终结（P40）

13.TVADDICTION电视上瘾（P43）

14.EIninoandSeabirds厄尔尼诺和水鸟（P46）

15.TheextinctgrassinBritain英国灭绝的某种草（P50）

16.Educationphilosophy教育的哲学（P53）

17.ThesecretofYawn打哈欠的秘密（P57）

18.consecutiveandsimultaneoustranslation交替传译和同声传译（P60）

19.Numeracy:

cananimalstellnumbers?

动物会数数么？

（P63）

20.Goingnowherefast（P66）

21.Theseedhunters种子收集者（P69）

22.TheconquestofMalariainItaly意大利征服疟疾（P72）

READINGPASSAGE1

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40whicharebasedon

ReadingPassage3below.

文章背景：

业余自然学家主要讲述的是有一些人，平时喜欢观察自然界的植物生长，养蜂过

程，气候变化，等等与大自然相关的变化并且做记录得到一些数据，这种数据叫

做“amateurdata”.本文主要介绍业余自然学家以及一些专业自然学家探讨业

余自然学家的数据是否能用，以及应该如何使用这些自然学家的数据，其可信度

有多少等问题。

AmateurNaturalists

FromtheresultsofanannualAlaskanbettingcontesttosightingsof

migratorybirds,ecologistsareusingawealthofunusualdatatopredict

theimpactofclimatechange.

ATimSparksslidesasmallleather-boundnotebookoutofanenvelope.The

book’syellowingpagescontainbeekeepingnotesmadebetween1941and1969

bythelateWalterCoatesofKilworth,Leicestershire.Headdsittohis

growingpileoflocaljournals,birdwatchers’listandgardeningdiaries.

“We’reuncoveringaboutonemajornewrecordeachmonth,”hesays,“I

stillgetsurprised.”AroundtwocenturiesbeforeCoates,RobertMarsham,

alandownerfromNorfolkintheeastofEngland,beganrecordingthelife

cyclesofplantsandanimalsonhisestate-whenthefirstwoodanemones

flowered,thedatesonwhichtheoaksburstintoleafandtherooksbegan

nesting.SuccessiveMarshamscontinuedcompilingthesenotesfor211

years.

BToday,suchrecordsarebeingputtousesthattheirauthorscouldnot

possibly

haveexpected.

Thesedatasets,

andothers

like

them,areproving

invaluabletoecologistsinterestedinthetimingofbiologicalevents,

orphenology.Bycombining

therecords

withclimate

data,

researcherscan

revealhow,forexample,changesintemperatureaffectthearrivalof

spring,

allowingecologists

tomakeimprovedpredictions

abouttheimpact

ofclimate

change.Asmall

bandof

researchers

iscombingthroughhundreds

ofyearsofrecordstakenbythousandsofamateurnaturalists.Andmore

systematic

projects

have

also

started

up,

producing

anoverwhelming

response.

“Theamountof

interest

is

almost

frightening,

”saysSparks,

aclimate

researcher

at

theCentrefor

EcologyandHydrologyinMonksWood,

Cambridgeshire.

CSparksfirstbecameawareofthearmyof“closetphenologists”,ashe

describesthem,whenaretiringcolleaguegavehimtheMarshamrecords.

Henowspendsmuchofhistimefollowingleadsfromonehistoricaldata

settoanother.Asnewsofhisquestspreads,peopletiphimofftoother

historicalrecords,andmoreamateurphenologistscomeoutoftheir

closets.TheBritishdevotiontorecordingandcollectingmakeshisjob

easier-onemanfromKentsenthim30years’worthofkitchencalendars,

onwhichhehasnotedthedatethathisneighbour’smagnoliatree

flowered.

DOtherresearchershaveuneartheddatafromequallyoddsources.RafeSagarin,anecologistatStanfordUniversityinCalifornia,recently

studiedrecordsofabetting

contest

inwhichparticipants

attempt

toguess

theexacttimeatwhichaspecially

erected

woodentripod

will

fall

through

thesurfaceofathawingriver.Thecompetitionhastakenplaceannually

ontheTenanaRiverinAlaskasince

1917,andanalysis

ofthe

results

showed

thatthethawnowarrives

fiveyearsearlier

thanit

did

whenthe

began.

EOverall,

suchrecordshavehelpedto

showthat,

comparedwith20yearsago,

araftofnaturaleventsnowoccurearlieracrossmuchofthenorthern

hemisphere,from

the

opening

of

leaves

to

thereturn

birds

from

migration

andtheemergenceof

butterflies

fromhibernation.

Thedatacan

alsohintathownaturewillchangeinthefuture.Togetherwithmodels

change,amateurs’recordscould

helpguide

conservation.

Terry

Root,

an