气象科技英语翻译Word下载.docx
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气象科技英语翻译@#@Likeafishintheocean,manisconfinedtoaveryshallowlayerofatmosphere.ThegaseousenvelopeoftheEarthisphysicallyinhomogeneousinboththeverticalandhorizontaldirections,althoughthehorizontalinhomogeneityismuchlessmarkedthantheverticalinhomogeneity.@#@Variouscriteriahavebeendevisedfordividingtheatmosphereintolayers.Thisdivisioncanbebasedonthenatureoftheverticaltemperatureprofile,onthegaseouscompositionoftheairatdifferentaltitudes,andtheeffectoftheatmosphereonaircraftatdifferentaltitudes,etc.Thedivisionbasedonthevariationoftheairtemperaturewithaltitudeisusedmostcommonlyinthemeteorologicalliterature.@#@AccordingtoapublicationoftheagrologicalcommissionoftheWorldMeteorologicalOrganization(WMO)in1961,theEarth’satmosphere,isdividedintofivemainlayers:
@#@thetroposphere,thestratosphere,themesosphere,thethermosphereandtheexosphere.Theselayersareboundedbyfourthintransitionregions:
@#@thetropospause,thestratospause,themesospause,thethermospause.@#@ThetroposphereisthelowerlayeroftheatmospherebetweentheEarth’ssurfaceandthetropopause.Thetemperaturedropswithincreasingheightinthetroposphere,atameanrateof6.5℃perkilometer(lapserate).Theupperboundaryofthetroposphereliesataheightofapproximately8to12kminthepolarandtropospherecontainsabout75%ofthetotalmassofatmosphericair,whileinthetropicsitcontainsabout90%.Thetropoauseisanintermediatelayerinwhicheitheratemperatureinversionoranisothermaltemperaturedistributionisobserved.@#@Thestratosphereistheatmosphericlayerabovethetroposphere.Inthestratospherethetemperatureeitherincreaseswithheightorremainsnearlyconstant.Inthelowerpartofthestratosphere(uptoapproximately20kmabovetheEarth’ssurface)thetemperatureispracticallyconstant(about-56℃).Whilefurtherupthetemperatureincreaseswithaltitudeatarateofabout1℃/kmatheightsof20to30kmandabout2.8℃/kmataltitudesfrom32to47km.Underthestandardconditionsthetemperatureatthe47kmlevelisnormally-2.5℃.@#@ThisincreaseintemperaturewithheightisduetotheabsorptionofUVsolarradiationbyozonemolecules.Itshouldbenotedthatabout99%ofthetotalmassofatmosphericairisconcentratedinthetroposphereandstratosphere,whichextenduptoanlatitudeof30or35km.Thestratopauseisanintermediatelayerbetweenthestratosphereandthemesosphere(inthealtituderegionfrom47to52km),inwhichthetemperatureremainsconstantatabout0℃.@#@Thethermosphereistheatmosphericlayerabovethemesopause.Thetemperatureinthislayerincreaseswithincreasingaltitude,reachingabout2000℃atabout450km,themeanheightoftheupperboundaryofthethermosphere.ThetemperatureincreaseinthislayerismainlycausedbytheabsorptionofUVsolarradiationbyoxygenmolecules,whichdissociateasaresultofthis.@#@Theexosphereisthefurthestoutandtheleaststudiedpartoftheupperatmosphere.Itislocatedabove450kmaltitude.Theairdensityintheexosphereissolowthatatomsandmoleculescanescapefromitintointerplanetaryspace.@#@Finally,alongwiththeabovedivisionoftheatmosphere,wewillalsomakeuseofadivisionbasedontheextentofatmosphericinteractionwiththeEarth’ssurface.Accordingtothisprincipe,theatmosphereisusuallydividedintoasocalledboundarylayer(sometimesalsocalledthefrictionlayer)andthefreeatmosphere.Theatmosphericboundarylayer(upto1or1.5km)isinfluencedconsiderablybytheEarth’ssurfaceandbyeddy-viscosityforces.Atthesametime,wecanneglect,asafirstapproximation,theinfluenceofeddy-viscosityforcesinthefreeatmosphere.@#@Ofalltheaboveatmosphericlayers,onlythetroposphere(especiallyitsboundarylayer)ischaracterizedbyamarkedinstabilityoftheverticaldistributionofthemeteorologicalparameters.Itisinthislayerthatbothtemperatureinversionsandsuperadiabatictemperaturevariationswithheightareobserved.@#@TheEarth’satmosphereisamixtureofgasesandaerosols,thelatterbeingthenamegiventoasystemcomprisedofsmallliquidandsolidparticlesdistributedintheair.@#@Airisnotaspecificgas:
@#@rather,itisamixtureofmanygases.Someofthem,suchasnitrogen,oxygen,argon,neon,andsoon,mayberegardedaspermanentatmosphericcomponentsthatremaininfixedproportionstothetotalgasvolume.Otherconstituentssuchaswatervapor,carbondioxide,andozonevaryinquantityfromplacetoplaceandformtimetotime.@#@Theprincipalsourcesofnitrogen,themostabundantconstituentofair,aredecayingfromagriculturaldebris,animalmatter,andvolcaniceruption.Ontheothersideoftheledger,nitrogenisremovedfromtheatmospherebybiologicalprocessesinvolvi