应急法律外文文献翻译Word下载.docx

应急法律外文文献翻译Word下载.docx

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应急法律外文文献翻译@#@文献出处：

@#@ThronsonP.TowardComprehensiveReformofAmerica’sEmergencyLawRegime[J].UniversityofMichiganJournalofLawReform,2013,46

（2）.@#@原文@#@TOWARDCOMPREHENSIVEREFORMOFAMERICA’SEMERGENCYLAWREGIME@#@PatrickA.Thronson*@#@UnbenownsttomostAmericans,theUnitedStatesispresentlyunderthirtypresidentiallydeclaredstatesofemergency.TheyconfervastpowersontheExecutiveBranch,includingtheabilitytofinanciallyincapacitateanypersonororganizationintheUnitedStates,seizecontrolofthenation’scommunicationsinfrastructure,mobilizemilitaryforces,expandthepermissiblesizeofthemilitarywithoutcongressionalauthorization,andextendtoursofdutywithoutconsentfromservicepersonnel.DeclaredstatesofemergencymayalsoactivatePresidentialEmergencyActionDocumentsandothercontinuity-of-governmentprocedures,whichconferpowersonthePresident—suchastheunilateralsuspensionofhabeascorpus—thatappearfundamentallyopposedtotheAmericanconstitutionalorder.AlthoughtheNationalEmergenciesAct,byitsplainlanguage,requiresCongresstovoteeverysixmonthsonwhetheradeclarednationalemergencyshouldcontinue,Congresshasdonesoonlyonceinthenearlyforty-yearhistoryoftheAct.@#@ThisNoteandanaccompanyingonlinecompendiumattempt,forthefirsttimesincethe1970s,toreachareasonablycompleteassessmentofthescopeandlegaleffectsofthethirtynationalemergenciesnowineffectintheUnitedStates.TheNotealsoproposesspecificstatutoryreformstoreinintheuncheckedgrowthoftheseemergenciesandpoliticalreformstosubjectthevastexecutivepowersgrantedbytheU.S.Emergencylawregimetothedemocraticprocess.@#@INTRODUCTION@#@“AnationalemergencyexistsbyreasonoftheterroristattacksattheWorldTradeCenter,NewYork,NewYork,andthePentagon,andthecontinuingandimmediatethreatoffurtherattacksontheUnitedStates,”PresidentGeorgeW.BushproclaimedonSeptember14,2001.“IherebydeclarethatthenationalemergencyhasexistedsinceSeptember11,2001.”Overadecadelater,withOsamabinLadendeadandtheinfrastructureofalQaeda“takenapart,”thissameemergency,andthevastpowersitbestows,isstillwithus—alongwithtwenty-nineothernationalemergenciesthatgrantthePresidentgreatlyenhancedpowerstoregulatethenation’seconomic,military,andforeignaffairs.AlthoughCongresshasbeenrequiredbystatute,fornearlyfortyyears,tovoteeverysixmonthsonwhetheranationalemergencyshouldcontinue,ithasdonesoonlyonce.@#@ThecurrentproliferationofnationalemergenciesisexactlywhattheNationalEmergenciesAct（NEA）wasenactedtoprevent.TheNEAhasfailedentirelyinthisregard.ThestoryofitsfailureisastoryofhowtheUnitedStatesCongressachievedamomentofclarityaboutthevastemergencypowersithadbeendelegatingtothePresidentfordecadesandthequantityandscopeofuncheckedemergencypowersthenineffect.ItisastoryofhowCongress,withsubstantialsupportandcooperationfromtheExecutiveBranch,constructedaframeworkintendedtocomprehensivelyregulateandlimitfuturedeclarationsofnationalemergency.AnditisastoryofhowCongress,enabledbythejudiciary,subsequentlyrendereditsownworksuperfluousbyconsigningtheNEA’ssafeguardsagainsttheabuseofemergencypowerstoastateofdisuseandirrelevance.@#@I.METHODOLOGY@#@ThisNotecataloguesstatutoryprovisionsandpresidentialorderscontainingpowersthatareexplicitlyactivatedbyapresidentialdeclarationofnationalemergency,analyzesthemostfar-reachingofthesepowers,andproposesreforms.Theaccompanyingonlinecompendiumofemergencypowersprovidesafulldescriptionofmymethodology.@#@ThisNotedrawsonavarietyofprimarysources,primarilystatutes,presidentialorders,andothergovernmentdocuments.Federallawprovidesforpresidentialdeclarationsofemergencythatareanalogoustoa“nationalemergency”butareclassifieddifferentlyandtriggerauthoritiesbeyondthoseactivatedbyadeclarationofnationalemergency.Theseadditionaltypesofemergenciesinclude“nationalsecurityemergency,”“catastrophicemergency,”“defenseemergency,”“airdefenseemergency,”and“civilemergency.”@#@MyanalysisconcludesthatadeclarationofnationalemergencymakesavailabletothePresidentpowerscontainedinatleast160provisionsofstatutorylawanddozensofExecutiveOrders,presidentialdirectives,andotherregulations.Thesectionsthatfollowanalyzesomeoftheprovisionswiththemostfar-reachingeffectsontheindividuallibertiesandlivelihoodsofUnitedStatesresidentsandonthecountry’sinternationalrelations.@#@II.LEGISLATIVEHISTORY@#@ThisPartexaminesthelegislativehistoryoftheNEAandthetextoftheAct.ItseeksinparttoascertainthelegislativeintentofCongress—asexpressedinrevisions