语言学概论课后练习答案Word格式文档下载.docx
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1.1.1LanguageIsSystematic
Ex3.
a.Thissentenceisgrammatical,butisnonsensical.
b.Thissentenceisungrammaticalandnonsensical.
c.Thisisagoodsentence.
d.Thisisagoodsentence.
1.1.2LanguageIsSymbolic
略
1.1.3Arbitrariness,pg7
Ex1.Accordingtotheconceptofarbitrariness,theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalresemblancetotheirmeaning.Thelinkbetweenthemisamatterofconvention.Thus,thenameXiaoLongisjustalabelfortheson.However,inChineseculturedragonwasthesymbolfortheemperor.Thus,thenamemayhavecertainassociativemeanings.
Ex2.No.Thespeakerofalanguage,basedupontheconventionestablishedinthespeechcommunity,associateslinguisticsignswiththingsandconcepts.Inpeople’smind,“pig”standsforstupidityandlaziness.IfInameitPigHairShampoo,noonewillbuyit.
Ex3.Wordsarearbitraryinform,buttheyarenotrandomintheiruse.Althoughthelinkbetweenformandmeaningisarbitrary,therehasexistedcertainrelationshipbetweenthemintheyearsofuse,whichcanbecalledrules.Theindividualdoesnothavethepowertochangeasigninanywayonceithasbecomeestablishedinthelinguisticcommunity.
1.1.4LanguageIsPrimarilyVocal,pg10
Ex1.Iprefertousethespokenlanguage.Inasupermarket,thespokenlanguageismuchmoreconvenientforpeopletocommunicatewitheachother.Peopledonothavethetimeandnecessitytousewrittenlanguageincommunication.
Ex2.Ithinklisteningandspeakingshouldcomefirst.Theprimarymediumoflanguageissound,andlanguageisprimarilyvocal.What’smore,childrencanlearntolistenandspeakaforeignlanguagemorequicklythantheycanreadandwriteinaforeignlanguage.However,weshouldnotneglectreadingandwriting,astimegoeson.
1.1.5LanguageIsHumanSpecific,pg12
Ex1.No,Idon’tagreetothispointofview.Languageishumanspecific.Althoughdogscanlearnthemeaningofcertainsounds,thenumberofsoundstheycanunderstandisverylimited.Ifwelookatthekindofcommunicationamonghumans,wecannotsayhumansanddogscannotcommunicatewitheachother..
Ex2.Thatisonlytheresultofthestimulus-responsetraining.Throughthiskindoftraining,acatmayunderstandthemeaningofafewsimplesounds,butthenumberisverylimited.
Ex3.Humanlanguageisprimaryoveranimalcommunicationinthefollowingaspects:
Humanshavetheabilitytorefertothingsfarremoteintimeandspace.Incontrast,itmaybeimpossibleforananimaltoconveysuchability.
Humanshavetheabilitytoproduceandunderstandanindefinitenumberofnovelutterances,butnoanimalcancommunicatecreativelywithanotheranimal.
Learningismuchmoreimportantasafactorinhumanlanguagethaninanimalcommunication.
Humanlanguagestructureandlanguageusearevastlymorecomplexthananyanimalcommunicationsystem.
Animalcommunicationsystemsareclosed-ended,buthumanlanguagesareopen-ended.
1.1.6LanguageIsUsedforCommunication,pg13
Ex1.Withadvancedtechnology,humanscanusetheproductsofadvancedtechnologyliketelephonesandtheInternettocommunicationmuchmoreeasilyandfreely.Distanceisnolongerabarrier.
Ex2.Theremaybeseveralcauses:
Thespeakercannotexpresshimselforherselfclearly.
Thelistenercannotunderstandwhatthespeakerhassaid.
Thelistenerisunwillingtocommunicatewiththespeaker.
Therearemisunderstandingsbecauseofthedifferentculturalbackgroundofthespeakerandthelistener.
Ex3.Ininterculturalcommunication,wemustpayspecialattentiontothedifferentwaysofthinking,actingandspeakingbetweenspeakerswithdifferentculturalbackgrounds,fordifferencesinthiskindofknowledgemaycausetroubleininterculturalcommunication.
1.2.1GeneralFunctionsofLanguage
1.2.2MetafunctionsofLanguage,pg20
Ex1.Generalfunctionsrefertotheparticularindividualusesoflanguagewhilstmetafunctionsrefertothelarger,moregeneralpurposesunderlyinglanguageuse.Ametafunctioniscapableofdescribingoneormoreotherfunctions.
Ex2.No.AccordingtoHalliday,everysentenceinatextismultifunctionalandhasthreemetafunctionssimultaneously:
ideational,interpersonalandtextualfunctions.
1.3TheOriginandClassificationofLanguage,略
1.4WhatIsLinguistics?
1.4.1DefinitionofLinguistics,pg28
Ex2.Asascience,linguisticsdemandsascientificoutlookuponlanguage.Toconductastudyoflanguagescientifically,wemusttakeanobjectiveviewoflanguageandalllinguisticphenomenaandreflectonitinadetachedandunbiasedway.Evenalocalvarietywithfewnativespeakersmayalsofallwithinourinvestigations.Moreover,weshouldadoptthegeneralprinciplesofempiricalresearchprocedur