考研英美文学名词解释Word下载.docx

考研英美文学名词解释Word下载.docx

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AEuropeanphenomenonduringthemiddleofthe19thcenturythathaditschiefheadquartersinFrance.ThismovementwasintroducedtolateVictorianEnglandmainlyWalterPaterasareactionagainstthematerialismandcommercialismofanindustrializedsociety.ItwasalsoareactionagainsttheVictorianconventionofartformorality’ssake,orartformoney’ssake.Themajortenetsofthismovementincludethebeliefintheautonomyofaworkofart,theemphasisoncraftandartistry--thetheoryof“artforart’ssake”.ThemostoutstandingVictorianrepresentativesofthismovementincludedOscarWilde.

2.Allegory（寓言）

6.AmericanPuritanism（美国清教主义）

PuritanismisthepracticesandbeliefsofthePuritans.TheAmericanpuritans,liketheirEnglishbrothers,areidealists.Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgraceformGod.Butduetothegrimstruggleforlivinginthenewcontinent,theybecomemoreandmorepractical.Americanpuritanismissomuchapartofthenationalatmosphereratherthatasetoftenets.

美国清教主义：

他们相信宿命论、原罪说、全体堕落和有限的赎罪。

7.AmericanRealism（美国现实主义）

InAmericanliterature,theCivilWarbroughttheRomanticPeriodtoanend.TheAgeofRealismcameintoexistence.GeorgeEliotintroducerealismintoEngland,andWilliamDeanHowellsintroduceditintotheUnitedStates.Itcameasareactionagainstthelieofromanticismandsentimentalism.Realismturnedfromanemphasisonthestrangetowardafaithfulrenderingoftheordinary,asliceoflifeasitisreallylived.Ithasbeenchieflyconcernedwiththecommonplacesofeverydaylifeamongthemiddleandlowerclasses,anditoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience.Realisticliteraturefindsthedramaandtensionbeneaththesurfaceofordinarylife.Later,manywriters,notablyHenryJames,turnedtopsychologicalrealismthatcloselyexaminedthecomplexworkingsofthemind.

美国现实主义：

在美国文学史上，内战宣告了浪漫主义的终结和现实主义的开始。

现实主义反对浪漫主义和感伤主义的谎言，它从一个陌生的世界转向了普通人的真实生活的描写。

它所关心的是普通的下层劳动人民而非理想中的人类本性和现实经历。

8.AmericanRomanticism（美国浪漫主义）

TheRomanticPeriodcoversthefirsthalfofthe19thcentury.ArisingAmericawithitsidealsofdemocracyandequality,theboomingeconomy,theflourishingpublications,andavarietyofforeigninfluencesmadeitsliteraryexpansionpossibleandinevitable.Romanticssharedsomecharacteristics:

moralenthusiasm,individualityandintuitiveperception.IrvingplayedanimportantroleininspiringAmericanromanticismwithhismasterpiecesRipVanWinkleandTheLegendofSleepyHollow.Americanromanticismculminatedaroundthe1840s,whichcanbecalled“TranscendentalismorAmericanRenaissance”.OneofthemajorfigureinthisperiodwasEmerson.HisNaturehadbeencalled“themanifestoofAmericanTranscendentalism”.Inthepoetryaspect,WhitmanandDicksonweretwomajorAmericanpoetsinthisperiod.Inthenovelaspect,HawthorneandMelvillebelongedtoanothertypeofromanticism.Theyplacedincreasingvalueonthefreeexpressiononemotionandthepsychicstatesoftheircharacters.TheNewEnglandpoets,suchasLongfellowandBryantformedadifferentschoolfromWhitman,Dickson,ThoreauandPoe.

9.AngryYoungMen（愤怒的青年）

TheAngryYoungMenisajournalisticcatchphraseappliedtoanumberofBritishplaywrightsandnovelistsfromthemid-1950s.Theirworksmainlyexpressthebitternessofthelowerclassestowardstheestablishedsociopoliticalsystemandtowardsthemediocrityandhypocrisyofthemiddleandupperclasses.TheplaywrightJohnOsbornewasthearchetypalexampleoftheseangryyoungmenwithhissignatureplayLookBackinAngerin1956.

10.Antagonist（反面人物）:

Apersonorforceopposingtheprotagonistinanarrative;

arivaloftheheroorheroine.

反面人物：

一个故事中和主人公相对立的人物或一种力量，是男女主人公的对手。

11.AmericanTranscendentalism（美国超验主义）

AmericanTranscendentalismismorethananattitudeoftranscendentalists.To“transcend”somethingistoriseaboveit,topassbeyonditslimits.ThetranscendentalistsspeakforculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety.ThemajorfeaturesofAmericanTranscendentalismare:

1.Transcendentalistsplaceemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheUniverse.2.Theystresstheimportanceoftheindividual.Tothem,theindividualwasthemostimportantelementofsociety.3.TheyofferafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.Naturewas,tothem,alive,filledwithGod’soverwhelmingpresence.

12.Aphorism（警句）

Aconcise,pointedstatementexpressingawiseorcleverobservationaboutlife.

警句：

蕴含关于人生真理的明智的看法的精练的语句。

13.Aside（旁白）

Indrama,linesspokenbyacharacterinanunderto