《新编简明英语语言学教程》16章期末复习Word文档格式.docx

《新编简明英语语言学教程》16章期末复习Word文档格式.docx

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普通语言学GeneralLinguistics

ThestudyofIanguageasawholeisoftencalledGenerallinguistics.

Thestudyofsounds,whichareusedinlinguisticcommunication,iscalledphonetics.（语音学）

Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.（音

位学）

Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsarecalledmorphology.

（形态学）

Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax（句法学）

ThestudyofmeaninginIanguageiscalledsemantics.（语义学）

Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.（语用学）

1.1.3Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics成对的概念辨析差异必考P3

（1）Prescriptiveanddescriptive规定与描写

IfalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzestheIanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive,ifitaimstolaydownrulestotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.

Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammar.Traditionalgrammarisprescriptivewhilemodernlinguisticsisdescriptive.ThetaskoflinguistsissupposedtodescribetheIanguagepeopleactuallyuse,whetheritis“correct”ornot.

规定性Prescriptive

Itaimstolaydownrulesfor”correct”behavior,totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhatshouldnotsay.

描述性Descriptive

AlinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzestheIanguagepeopleactuallyuse.

（2）Synchronicanddiachronic共时和历时

ThedescriptionofaIanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudy;

thedescriptionofaIanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Inmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyismoreimportant.

历时语言学Diachroniclinguistics

ThestudyofIanguagechangethroughtime.adiachronicstudyofIanguageisahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentofIanguageoveraperiodoftime.

共时语言学Synchronicallinguistics

ThestudyofagivenIanguageatagiventime.

（3）Speechandwriting口头语与书面语

Speechandwritingarethetwomajormediaofcommunication.ModernlinguisticsregardsthespokenformofIanguageasprimary,butnotthewrittenform.Reasonsare:

1.Speechprecedeswriting;

2.TherearestillmanyIanguagesthathaveonlythespokenform;

3.Intermsoffunction,thespokenIanguageisusedforawiderrangeofpurposesthanthewritten,andcarriesalargerloadofcommunicationthanthewritten.

（4）Langueandparole语言和言语必考名解P4

TheSwisslinguistF.deSaussuremadethedistinctionbetweenIangueandparoleearly20thcentury.

Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationofIangueinactualuse.SaussuremadethedistinctioninordertosingleoutoneaspectofIanguageforseriousstudy.HebelieveswhatlinguistsshoulddoistoabstractIanguefromparole,todiscovertheregularitiesgoverningtheactualuseofIanguageandmakethemthesubjectsofstudyoflinguistics.

语言Iangue（抽象）

Theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.

言语parole（具体

TherealizationofIangueinactualuse.

（5）Competeneeandperformanee语言能力和语言运用

ProposedbyAmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950'

s.

Hedefinescompeteneeastheidealuser'

knowledgeoftherulesofhisIanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.HebelievesthetaskofthelinguistsistodiscoverandspecifytheIanguagerules.

语言能力Competence（抽象）

Competenceistheidealuser'

sknowledgeoftherulesofhisIanguage.

语言运用performance（具体）

Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.

语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的具体体现。

（6）Traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics传统语法和现代语法

Itisgenerallybelievedthatthebeginningofmodernlinguisticswasmarkedbythepublicationof

F•deSaussure'

sbookCourseinGeneralLinguistics"

intheearly20thcentury.Beforethatistraditionalgrammar.

Differencesbetweentraditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics:

Modernlinguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.

ModernlinguisticsregardsthespokenIanguageasprimary,notthewritten.

ModernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhatitdoesnotforceIanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.

（Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive,itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthenticandmainlyspoken

Ianguagedate.现代语言学是描述性的，其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。

traditionalgrammarisprescriptive.itisbasedon'

high'

writtenIanguage.传统语法是规定性的，研究’高级’书面语。

）

1.2什么是语言

1.2.1定义

语言Ianguage:

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedfo