混合动力电动运输卡车露天采矿外文文献翻译中英文翻译外文翻译Word文档格式.docx

混合动力电动运输卡车露天采矿外文文献翻译中英文翻译外文翻译Word文档格式.docx

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Abstract:

HybridElectricVehiclesimprovefueleconomybytakingadvantageoftheInternalCombustionEngine（ICE）peakefficiencyoperatingenvelopeandusinganenergystoragesystemtosupplydrivepowerwhentheICEhaslowerefficiency.Toachievethis,ahybriddesignrequiresanICE,agenerator/motor,motorcontrollers,andanelectricenergystoragesystem（battery）whichcanbeconnected-upinavarietyofwayssuchas,Parallel,andSeries-Parallelconfigurations.

Multiplestrategieshavebeendevelopedforhybridelectricvehiclesenergymanagementwhichmakedecisionsbasedoninputssuchasbatterystateofcharge,drivertorquedemand,vehiclespeed,andtransmissiongear.Forexample,asthestateofchargeofthebatterydecreases,itbecomesmorecostlytousetheelectricityandhencethecontrolsystemtendstotransitionthepowersourcefrombatterytofuel.

Althoughhybrid-electrichaulagetruckshavebeenimplemented,energystoragehasnotbeenafeatureofthesesystems.ThesetrucksaretypicallyarrangedinSeriesconfigurationwheretheengineiscompletelydecoupledfromthewheelsandusedtoprovideelectricpowerthroughageneratorwhichpowerselectricmotorsoneachofthewheels.Theabsenceofabatteryisanexampleoflostopportunityforfueleconomyimprovementsthroughregenerativebreakingandengine-offoperation.

Thispaperdiscussesthefueleconomyquestionwithrespecttoroadgeometrydataandfuturespeeds,aconditionthatcanbedeterminedforanautonomoushaulagesystemwithrelativeease.Real-timeaccesstosuchdatacanbeputtoadvantagetomaximizefueleconomy.Withalook-a-headsystem,evenifthestateofchargeislow,thetruckcancontinuetousetheelectricsystemifadownhillstretchisknowntobeahead,sothesystemknowsitcancharge-upusingregenerativebreaking.

Keywords:

HybridElectric,Autonomous,Mining,HaulageTrucks,FuelEconomy

1.INTRODUCTION

HybridElectricVehicles（HEVs）havebecomepopularalternativestoconventionalvehiclesastheyreducegreenhousegasemissionsaswellasimprovefueleconomy.ThesevehiclesimprovefueleconomybytakingadvantageoftheInternalCombustionEngine（ICE）peakefficiencyoperatingenvelopeandusinganenergystoragesystemtosupplementdrivepowerwhentheenginehaslowerefficiency.Thehybridelectricpowertraintechnologyhasmainlybeenimplementedforvehiclesandsmalltomediumsizedtrucks.Thetechnologyisyettoemergeinverylargetruckssuchashaulagetrucksusedinopenpitmining.Althoughsomecommerciallyavailablemininghaulagetruckshaveelectricdrivesincorporatedintotheirpowertrainsuchasthe960EofferedbyKomatsuorthe795FACmodelofferedbyCaterpillarInc.,theydonotprovidethetruefuelsavingpotentialofhybridsduetotheabsenceofanenergystoragesystem.In2008,GEteamedwithKomatsuandthe

U.S.DepartmentofEnergytodemonstratetheworld’sfirsthybridelectricdrivesysteminamininghaulagetruck.Thispaperdiscussestheincrementalfueleconomyimprovementinahybridelectricvehicleachievedbyhavingpriorknowledgeofroadgeometryandspeeds,aconditionpossiblewithanautonomoushaulagesystem.

1.OVERVIEWOFHYBRIDELECTRICPOWERTRAIN

AnHEV’spower-plantconsistsofacombustionengine,anelectricmotor/generator,motorcontrollers,andanenergystoragesystem（battery,ultra-capacitors,etc.）.

Theefficiencyofaninternalcombustionenginechangeswithoperatingspeedandtorque.Thetorqueproducedbytheengineiscontrolledbyadjustingtheairandfuelmixturefeedingtheengine.Theenginespeedisafunctionofthenettorqueandtheloadgovernedbylawsofkinetics.EfficiencydataofanengineareusuallypresentedintheformofBrakeSpecificFuelConsumption（BSFC）,representingfuelconsumptionperunitenergyatdifferentoperatingspeedsandloads.BSFCvaluesareinverselyproportionaltotheengineefficiency.Figure1isanexampleofaBSFCmap.

Figure1:

BrakeSpecificFuelConsumption（g/kWh）

（Xiong,Zhang,Yin,2009）

Thehorizontalandverticalaxesrepresentenginespeedandtorquerespectively.ForFigure1,thehighestefficiencypointfortheenginetooperateisabout1300RPMatatorqueof350Nm.Tomaximizefuelefficiencyonagivencycle,theengineshouldoperateasclosetothelowestBSFCvalueforaslongatimeaspossible.

Essentially,theonlyfeedbackfromthedrivertotheenginecontrolsystemisthetorquerequestwhichismappedtotheacceleratorpedalandtranslatedtoanenginetorquerequestbasedonthecurrenttransmissiongear.Inaconventionalvehiclewithanautomatictransmission,theprimaryfactorbywhichthecontrolsystemselectstheappropriategearistheBSFCmapbarringanyspeedortorquelimitation.Shiftingupforexample,allows