托福阅读真题解析Word格式文档下载.docx

托福阅读真题解析Word格式文档下载.docx

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第一篇

达尔文进化论的发现过程。

一开始他坐船去航行，发现很近的两个岛上的物种不一样，那的化石显示动物的不同种类是逐渐变化（diversity有句子简化题），他们怕这个理论不被接受，因为没有大量数据支持（有题）。

后来他发展了某A理论，同人类一样，动物也同样减少时，自然选择好的trait传给下一代，只不过一个主动一个被动的artificial和naturalselection（自然选择，有对比题）。

最后一段说另外一个年轻人差点就发表了相似的学说，达尔文的朋友赶紧劝他发表，结果他俩一起参加了什么会议给presentation，达尔文

的学说比年轻人更注意和推崇（有题问为什么）

解析：

这是一篇关于生物类的话题。

达尔文进化论的话题已经是ETS百考不厌，建议烤鸭们多做背景了解，比方说进化论的起源、发展、成就还有进化论推翻创世说，这些大家都知道么？

精髓之所在，考点之所在哈。

背景补充哈~

Inthe19thcentury,naturalhistorycollectionsandmuseumswereapopularpastime.TheEuropeanexpansionandnavalexpeditionsemployednaturalistsandcuratorsofgrandmuseumsshowcasingpreservedandlivespecimensofthevarietiesoflife.CharlesDarwinwasanEnglishgraduatewhowaseducatedandtrainedinthedisciplinesofnaturalhistoryscience.Suchnaturalhistorianswouldcollect,catalogue,describeandstudythevastcollectionsofspecimensstoredandmanagedbycuratorsatthesemuseums.CharlesDarwinservedasaship'

snaturalistonboardtheHMSBeagle,assignedtoafive-yearresearchexpeditionaroundtheworld.Duringhisvoyage,Darwinobservedandcollectedanabundanceoforganisms,beingveryinterestedinthediverseformsoflifealongthecoastsofSouthAmericaandtheneighboringGalapagosIslands.

CharlesDarwingainedextensiveexperienceashecollectedandstudiedthenaturalhistoryoflifeformsfromdistantplaces.Throughhisstudies,Darwinformulatedtheideathateachspecieshaddevelopedfromancestorswithsimilarfeatures.In1838,hedescribedhowaprocesshecallednaturalselectionwouldmakethishappen.

CharlesDarwinproposedthetheoryofevolutionbynaturalselection.

Darwinnotedthatorchidsexhibitavarietyofcomplexadaptationstoensurepollination;

allderivedfrombasicfloralparts.

Thesizeofapopulationdependsonhowmuchandhowmanyresourcesareabletosupportit.Forthepopulationtoremainthesamesizeyearafteryear,theremustbeanequilibrium,orbalancebetweenthepopulationsizeandavailableresources.Sinceorganismsproducemoreoffspringthantheirenvironmentcansupport,notallindividualscansurviveoutofeachgeneration.Theremustbeacompetitivestruggleforresourcesthataidinsurvival.Asaresult,Darwinrealizedthatitwasnotchancealonethatdeterminedsurvival.Instead,survivalofanorganismdependsonthedifferencesofeachindividualorganism,or"

traits"

thataidorhindersurvivalandreproduction.Well-adaptedindividualsarelikelytoleavemoreoffspringthantheirlesswell-adaptedcompetitors.Traitsthathindersurvivalandreproductionwoulddisappearovergenerations.Traitsthathelpanorganismsurviveandreproducewouldaccumulateovergenerations.Darwinrealizedthattheunequalabilityofindividualstosurviveandreproducecouldcausegradualchangesinthepopulationandusedthetermnaturalselectiontodescribethisprocess.

Observationsofvariationsinanimalsandplantsformedthebasisofthetheoryofnaturalselection.Forexample,Darwinobservedthatorchidsandinsectshaveacloserelationshipthatallowsthepollinationoftheplants.Henotedthatorchidshaveavarietyofstructuresthatattractinsects,sothatpollenfromtheflowersgetsstucktotheinsects’bodies.Inthisway,insectstransportthepollenfromamaletoafemaleorchid.Inspiteoftheelaborateappearanceoforchids,thesespecializedpartsaremadefromthesamebasicstructuresthatmakeupotherflowers.InhisbookFertilisationofOrchidsDarwinproposedthattheorchidflowerswereadaptedfrompre-existingparts,throughnaturalselection.

DarwinwasstillresearchingandexperimentingwithhisideasonnaturalselectionwhenhereceivedaletterfromAlfredWallacedescribingatheoryverysimilartohisown.Thisledtoanimmediatejointpublicationofboththeories.BothWallaceandDarwinsawthehistoryoflifelikeafamilytree,witheachforkinthetree’slimbsbeingacommonancestor.Thetipsofthelimbsrepresentedmodernspeciesandthebranchesrepresentedthecommonancestorsthataresharedamongstmanydifferentspecies.Toexplaintheserelationships,Darwinsaidthatalllivingthingswererelated,andthismeantthatalllifemustbedescendedfromafewforms,orevenfromasinglecommonancestor.Hecalledthisprocessdescentwithmodification.

DarwinpublishedhistheoryofevolutionbynaturalselectioninOntheOriginofSpeciesin1859.Histheorymeansthatalllife,includinghumanity,isaproductofcontinuingnaturalprocesses.TheimplicationthatalllifeonEarthhasacommonancestorhasmetwithobjectionsfromsomereligiousgroups.Theirobjectionsareincontrasttothelevelofsupportforthetheorybymorethan99percentofthosewithinthescientificcommunitytoday.

Naturalselectioniscommonlyequatedwithsurvivalofthefittest,butthisexpressionoriginatedinHerbertSpencer'

sPri