考研英语阅读原文(不含题).docx

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2009年Text1

Habitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainson

auto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine.“Notchoice,but

habitrulestheunreflectingherd,”WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury.Inthe

ever-changing21stcentury,eventheword“habit”carriesanegativeconnotation.

Soitseemsantitheticaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityand

innovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnew

habits,wecreateparallelsynapticpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjump

ourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.

Butdon’tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;oncethoserutsofprocedureareworninto

thehippocampus,they’retheretostay.Instead,thenewhabitswedeliberatelyingraininto

ourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads.

“Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,”saysDawna

Markova,authorof“TheOpenMind”andanexecutivechangeconsultantforProfessional

ThinkingPartners.“Butwearetaughtinsteadto‘decide,’justasourpresidentcallshimself

‘theDecider.’”Sheadds,however,that“todecideistokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone.A

goodinnovationalthinkerisalwaysexploringthemanyotherpossibilities.”

Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe’reunaware,shesays.

Researchersinthelate1960coveredthathumansarebornwiththecapacitytoapproach

challengesinfourprimaryways:

analytically,procedurally,relationally（orcollaboratively）

andinnovatively.Atpuberty,however,thebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,

preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthathaveseemedmostvaluableduringthefirst

decadeorsooflife.

Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandprocedure,

meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesofthought.

“ThisbreaksthemajorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystem—thatanyonecandoanything,”

explainsM.J.Ryan,authorofthe2006book“ThisYearIWill...”andMs.Markova’s

businesspartner.“That’saliethatwehaveperpetuated,anditfosterscommonness.

Knowingwhatyou’regoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence.”Thisiswhere

developingnewhabitscomesin.

Text2

Itisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild,buttodayamancanboosthispaternal

（fatherly）wisdom–oratleastconfirmthathe’sthekid’sdad.Allheneedstodoisshellour

$30forpaternitytestingkit（PTK）athislocaldrugstore–andanother$120togetthe

results.

Morethan60,000peoplehavepurchasedthePTKssincetheyfirstbecomeavailable

withoutprescriptionslastyears,accordingtoDougFog,chiefoperatingofficerof

Identigene,whichmakestheover-the-counterkits.Morethantwodozencompaniessell

DNAtestsDirectlytothepublic,ranginginpricefromafewhundreddollarstomorethan

$2500.

Amongthemostpopular:

paternityandkinshiptesting,whichadoptedchildrencan

usetofindtheirbiologicalrelativesandlatestrageamanypassionategenealogists-and

supportsbusinessesthatoffertosearchforafamily’sgeographicroots.

Mosttestsrequirecollectingcellsbywebbingsalivainthemouthandsendingittothe

companyfortesting.AlltestsrequireapotentialcandidatewithwhomtocompareDNA.

Butsomeobserversareskeptical,“Thereisakindoffalseprecisionbeinghawkedby

peopleclaimingtheyaredoingancestrytesting,”saysTreyDuster,aNewYorkUniversity

sociologist.Henotesthateachindividualhasmanyancestors-numberinginthehundreds

justafewcenturiesback.Yetmostancestrytestingonlyconsidersasinglelineage,either

theYchromosomeinheritedthroughmeninafather’slineormitochondrialDNA,whicha

passeddownonlyfrommothers.ThisDNAcanrevealgeneticinformationaboutonlyone

ortwoancestors,eventhough,forexample,justthreegenerationsbackpeoplealsohavesix

othergreat-grandparentsor,fourgenerationsback,14othergreat-great-grandparents.

Criticsalsoarguethatcommercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereference

collectionstowhichasampleiscompared.Databasesusedbysomecompaniesdon’trely

ondatacollectedsystematicallybutratherlumptogetherinformationfromdifferent

researchprojects.ThismeansthataDNAdatabasemaydifferdependingonthecompany

thatprocessestheresults.Inaddition,thecomputerprogramsacompanyusestoestimate

relationshipsmaybepatentedandnotsubjecttopeerrevieworoutsideevaluation.

Text3

Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesis

widelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalikeprogressinbothareais

undoubtedlynecessaryforthesocial,politicalandintellectualdevelopmentoftheseandall

othersocieties;however,t