意识形态与国家机器英文版Word文件下载.docx

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ONTHEREPRODUCTIONOFTHECONDITIONS

OFPRODUCTION[1]

ImustnowexposemorefullysomethingwhichwasbrieflyglimpsedinmyanalysiswhenIspokeofthenecessitytorenewthemeansofproductionifproductionistobepossible.Thatwasapassinghint.NowIshallconsideritforitself.

AsMarxsaid,everychildknowsthatasocialformationwhichdidnotreproducetheconditionsofproductionatthesametimeasitproducedwouldnotlastayear.[2]Theultimateconditionofproductionisthereforethereproductionoftheconditionsofproduction.Thismaybe'

simple'

（reproducingexactlythepreviousconditionsofproduction）or'

onanextendedscale'

（expandingthem）.Letusignorethislastdistinctionforthemoment.

What,then,isthereproductionoftheconditionsofproduction?

Hereweareenteringadomainwhichisbothveryfam-

1.Thistextismadeupoftwoextractsfromanongoingstudy.Thesub-title'

NotestowardsanInvestigation'

istheauthor'

sown.Theideasexpoundedshouldnotberegardedasmorethantheintroductiontoadiscussion.

2.MarxtoKugelmann,11July1868,SelectedCorrespondence,Moscow,1955,p.209.

page128

iliar（sinceCapitalVolumeTwo）anduniquelyignored.Thetenaciousobviousnesses（ideologicalobviousnessesofanempiricisttype）ofthepointofviewofproductionalone,orevenofthatofmereproductivepractice（itselfabstractinrelationtotheprocessofproduction）aresointegratedintooureveryday'

consciousness'

thatitisextremelyhard,nottosayalmostimpossible,toraiseoneselftothepointofviewofreproduction.Nevertheless,everythingoutsidethispointofviewremainsabstract（worsethanone-sided:

distorted）--evenatthelevelofproduction,and,afortiori,atthatofmerepractice.

Letustryandexaminethemattermethodically.

Tosimplifymyexposition,andassumingthateverysocialformationarisesfromadominantmodeofproduction,Icansaythattheprocessofproductionsetstoworktheexistingproductiveforcesinandunderdefiniterelationsofproduction.

Itfollowsthat,inordertoexist,everysocialformationmustreproducetheconditionsofitsproductionatthesametimeasitproduces,andinordertobeabletoproduce.Itmustthereforereproduce:

1.theproductiveforces,

2.theexistingrelationsofproduction.

ReproductionoftheMeansofProduction

Everyone（includingthebourgeoiseconomistswhoseworkisnationalaccounting,orthemodern'

macro-economic'

'

theoreticians'

）nowrecognizes,becauseMarxcompellinglyproveditinCapitalVolumeTwo,thatnoproductionispossiblewhichdoesnotallowforthereproductionofthematerialconditionsofproduction:

thereproductionofthemeansofproduction.

Theaverageeconomist,whoisnodifferentinthisthan

page129

theaveragecapitalist,knowsthateachyearitisessentialtoforeseewhatisneededtoreplacewhathasbeenuseduporwornoutinproduction:

rawmaterial,fixedinstallations（buildings）,instrumentsofproduction（machines）,etc.Isaytheaverageeconomist=theaveragecapitalist,fortheybothexpressthepointofviewofthefirm,regardingitassufficientsimplytogiveacommentaryonthetermsofthefirm'

sfinancialaccountingpractice.

ButthankstothegeniusofQuesnaywhofirstposedthis'

glaring'

problem,andtothegeniusofMarxwhoresolvedit,weknowthatthereproductionofthematerialconditionsofproductioncannotbethoughtatthelevelofthefirm,becauseitdoesnotexistatthatlevelinitsrealconditions.Whathappensatthelevelofthefirmisaneffect,whichonlygivesanideaofthenecessityofreproduction,butabsolutelyfailstoallowitsconditionsandmechanismstobethought.

Amoment'

sreflectionisenoughtobeconvincedofthis:

MrX,acapitalistwhoproduceswoollenyarninhisspinning-mill,hasto'

reproduce'

hisrawmaterial,hismachines,etc.Buthedoesnotproducethemforhisownproduction--othercapitalistsdo:

anAustraliansheepfarmer,MrY,aheavyengineerproducingmachine-tools,MrZ,etc.,etc.AndMrYandMrZ,inordertoproducethoseproductswhicharetheconditionofthereproductionofMrX'

sconditionsofproduction,alsohavetoreproducetheconditionsoftheirownproduction,andsoontoinfinity--thewholeinproportionssuchthat,onthenationalandeventheworldmarket,thedemandformeansofproduction（forreproduction）canbesatisfiedbythesupply.

Inordertothinkthismechanism,whichleadstoakindof'

endlesschain'

itisnecessarytofollowMarx'

s'

global'

procedure,andtostudyinparticulartherelationsof