意识形态与国家机器英文版Word文件下载.docx

1、 O N T H E R E P R O D U C T I O N O F T H E C O N D I T I O N S O F P R O D U C T I O N1 I must now expose more fully something which was briefly glimpsed in my analysis when I spoke of the necessity to renew the means of production if production is to be possible. That was a passing hint. Now I sh

2、all consider it for itself. As Marx said, every child knows that a social formation which did not reproduce the conditions of production at the same time as it produced would not last a year.2 The ultimate condition of production is therefore the reproduction of the conditions of production. This ma

3、y be simple （reproducing exactly the previous conditions of production） or on an extended scale （expanding them）. Let us ignore this last distinction for the moment. What, then, is the reproduction of the conditions of production ? Here we are entering a domain which is both very fam- 1. This text i

4、s made up of two extracts from an ongoing study. The sub-title Notes towards an Investigation is the authors own. The ideas expounded should not be regarded as more than the introduction to a discussion. 2. Marx to Kugelmann, 11 July 1868, Selected Correspondence, Moscow, 1955, p. 209. page 128 ilia

5、r （since Capital Volume Two） and uniquely ignored. The tenacious obviousnesses （ideological obviousnesses of an empiricist type） of the point of view of production alone, or even of that of mere productive practice （itself abstract in relation to the process of production） are so integrated into our

6、 everyday consciousness that it is extremely hard, not to say almost impossible, to raise oneself to the point of view of reproduction. Nevertheless, everything outside this point of view remains abstract （worse than one-sided: distorted） - even at the level of production, and, a fortiori, at that o

7、f mere practice. Let us try and examine the matter methodically. To simplify my exposition, and assuming that every social formation arises from a dominant mode of production, I can say that the process of production sets to work the existing productive forces in and under definite relations of prod

8、uction. It follows that, in order to exist, every social formation must reproduce the conditions of its production at the same time as it produces, and in order to be able to produce. It must therefore reproduce: 1. the productive forces, 2. the existing relations of production. Reproduction of the

9、Means of Production Everyone （including the bourgeois economists whose work is national accounting, or the modern macro-economic theoreticians） now recognizes, because Marx compellingly proved it in Capital Volume Two, that no production is possible which does not allow for the reproduction of the m

10、aterial conditions of production: the reproduction of the means of production. The average economist, who is no different in this than page 129 the average capitalist, knows that each year it is essential to foresee what is needed to replace what has been used up or worn out in production: raw mater

11、ial, fixed installations （buildings）, instruments of production （machines）, etc. I say the average economist = the average capitalist, for they both express the point of view of the firm, regarding it as sufficient simply to give a commentary on the terms of the firms financial accounting practice.

12、But thanks to the genius of Quesnay who first posed this glaring problem, and to the genius of Marx who resolved it, we know that the reproduction of the material conditions of production cannot be thought at the level of the firm, because it does not exist at that level in its real conditions. What

13、 happens at the level of the firm is an effect, which only gives an idea of the necessity of reproduction, but absolutely fails to allow its conditions and mechanisms to be thought. A moments reflection is enough to be convinced of this: Mr X, a capitalist who produces woollen yarn in his spinning-m

14、ill, has to reproduce his raw material, his machines, etc. But he does not produce them for his own production - other capitalists do: an Australian sheep farmer, Mr Y, a heavy engineer producing machine-tools, Mr Z, etc., etc. And Mr Y and Mr Z, in order to produce those products which are the cond

15、ition of the reproduction of Mr Xs conditions of production, also have to reproduce the conditions of their own production, and so on to infinity - the whole in proportions such that, on the national and even the world market, the demand for means of production （for reproduction） can be satisfied by the supply. In order to think this mechanism, which leads to a kind of endless chain, it is necessary to follow Marxs global procedure, and to study in particular the relations of