英语专业英美文学史复习要点Word下载.docx

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Conquerors→theaters;

baths

nativeBritons→slaves

3.RomanEmpirebegantodeclineatthebeginningofthe5thC.

In410A.D.alltheRomantroopswithdrewandneverreturned.

B.TheAnglo-SaxonConquest（449-1066）

In449A.D.,BritainwasinvadedbythreeGermanictribesfromtheNortheastof

Europe:

Angles（盎格鲁人）Saxons（撒克逊人）Jutes（朱特人）

C.TheNormanConquest（1066-1485）

French-speakingNormans,undertheleadershipofDukeWilliam（Williamthe

Conqueror）camein1066.

AfterdefeatingtheEnglishatHastings,WilliamwascrownedastheKingofEngland.

IntheAnglo-Normanperiod,theprominentkindofliterature,Romances,wereatfirst

allinFrench.

Attheendofthe14thcentury,Englishbecamedominantoncemore.

II.Anglo-SaxonLiterature

Anglo-SaxonPoetry★★

1.PaganPoetry（世俗诗）

Alsocalledsecularpoetry,itdoesnotcontainanyspecificChristiandoctrine.Itwas

representedbyBeowulf（贝奥武甫）.

2.ReligiousPoetry（宗教诗）

AlsocalledChristianpoetry,itismainlyonbiblicalstoriesandsaints’lives.But

sometimesthereisamixtureofChristianandpagan（异教徒）ideas.Itisrepresented

byCaedmon（凯德蒙）andCynewulf（基涅武甫）.

Nationalepic（民族史诗）★★

Nationalepic:

epicwritteninvernacular（本国的）languages,namely,thelanguages

ofvariousnationalstatesthatcameintobeingintheMiddleAges.

ItwasthestartingpointofagradualtransitionofEuropeanliteraturefromLatin

culturetoaculturethatwasthecombinationofavarietyofnationalcharacteristics.

PoeticFeaturesof“Beowulf”（贝奥武甫）★★★

i.Theuseofalliteration（头韵）isoneofitsmoststrikingfeatures.

Inalliterativeverse,certainstressedoraccentedwordsinalinebeginwiththesame

consonant.Thereare4stressesinalinegenerally,ofwhichthreeortwoshow

alliteration.

ii.Theuseofkennings:

Kenning（代喻）:

compoundwordsthatserveasmetaphor,usedinplaceofanameor

noun,especiallyinOldEnglishandOldNorsepoetry.

Forexample:

“stormofswords”isakenningfor“battle”.

iii.Theuseofunderstatements（抑言陈述）oreuphemism（委婉语）,e.g.:

“nottroublesome”>

verywelcome

“neednotpraise”>

arighttocondemn

iv.ThebasicallypaganpoemhasanevidentChristianoverlay.

e.g.:

（1）“God”or“Lord”isfrequentlymentionedastheomnipotentsupremebeing,

alongwithsuchChristianconceptsasthebeliefin“futurelife”.

（2）Grendelissaidtobedescendantoftheerrantbiblicalfigure,Cain.

TheReligiousPoetry★★

ThereligiouspoetryisalsocalledChristianpoetry.Itismainlyonbiblicalstoriesand

saints’lives.ButsometimesthereisamixtureofChristianandpaganideasinthese

poems.ItisrepresentedbyCaedmonandCynewulf.

Anglo-SaxonProse（散文）★★

Proseliteraturedidnotshowitsappearanceuntilthe8thcentury.

Thereweretwofamousprosewriters:

VenerableBede（比德）AlfredtheGreat（阿尔弗烈德大王）

Anglo-NormanLiterature★★

1066,theyearoftheNormanconquest,marksthebeginningofAnglo-Normanperiod

（1066-1485）.

Ca.1200:

thebeginningoftheMiddleEnglishLiterature.

A.Romance★★★

Romance（骑士文学）,mostlyinFrench,isthedominantkindofliteratureinthe

Anglo-Normanperiod.

Itisalongcompositioninverseorprose,describingthelifeandadventuresofanoble

hero.Itgenerallyconcernsknightsandinvolvesalargeamountoffightingaswellas

anumberofmiscellaneousadventures.

EssentialfeaturesoftheRomance★★★

1.Itlacksgeneralresemblance（相似）totruthorreality.

2.Itexaggeratesthevices（罪恶）ofhumannatureandidealizesthevirtues.

3.Itcontainsperilous（危险的）adventuresmoreorlessremotefromordinarylife.

4.Itlaysemphasisonsupremedevotiontolady.

5.Thecentralcharacteroftheromanceistheknight,amanofnoblebirth,skilledin

theuseofweapons.Heiscommonlydescribedasridingforthtoseekadventures,

takingpartintournaments,orfightingforhislordinbattle.Heisdevotedtothe

churchandtheking.

TheMattersofBritain★★★

ThisCyclemainlydealswiththeexploits（功绩）ofKingArthurandhisknightsof

theRoundTable.

SirGawainandtheGreenKnightistheculmination（高潮）oftheArthurian

romances.

SirGawainandtheGreenKnight★★

SirGawainandtheGreenKnight（《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》）,averseromanceof

2530lines,derivedfromCelticlegend.ItwasconsideredasthebestofArthurian

romance.

EnglishBallads（民歌）★★

1.ItisoralliteratureoftheEnglishpeople（esp.peasants）.

2.Itisastorytoldinsong,usu.in4-linestanzas,withthe2ndandthe4thlines

rhymed.

3.Itssubjectmatter