胡壮麟《语言学教程》第四版笔记Word文档格式.docx
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Dualityreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.
1.3.3Creativity
Creativitymeansthatlanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.Recursivenessreferstotherulewhichcanbeappliedrepeatedlywithoutanydefinitelimit.Therecursivenatureoflanguageprovidesatheoreticalbasisforthepossibilityofcreatingendlesssentences.
1.3.4Displacement
Displacementmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofconversation.
加1 Discreteness(可分离性)Eachsoundinthelanguageistreatedasdiscrete.
加2 Iconicity拟象性:
thedirect/non-arbitrary/non-symbolicrelationbetweenmeaningandform.Thereareresemblancesbetweenthelanguageformandwhattheyreferto.Thatrelationshipiscalledicon.Iconicityexistsinsounds,lexiconsandsyntax.Itisthemotivationbetweenlanguageformsandmeanings.Itisarelationofresemblancebetweenlanguageformandwhattheyreferto.
1.5Functionsoflanguage
AsisproposedbyJacobson,languagehassixfunctions:
1.Referential:
toconveymessageandinformation;
2.Poetic:
toindulgeinlanguageforitsownsake;
3.Emotive:
toexpressattitudes,feelingsandemotions;
4.Conative:
topersuadeandinfluenceothersthroughcommandsandentreaties;
5.Phatic:
toestablishcommunionwithothers;
6.Metalingual:
toclearupintentions,wordsandmeanings.
Halliday(1994)proposesatheoryofmetafunctionsoflanguage.Itmeansthatlanguagehasthreemetafunctions:
1.Ideationalfunction:
toconveynewinformation,tocommunicateacontentthatisunknowntothehearer;
2.Interpersonalfunction:
embodyingalluseoflanguagetoexpresssocialandpersonal
relationships;
3.Textualfunction:
referringtothefactthatlanguagehasmechanismstomakeanystretchofspokenandwrittendiscourseintoacoherentandunifiedtextandmakealivingpassagedifferentfromarandomlistofsentences.
AccordingtoHuZhuanglin,languagehasatleastsevenfunctions:
1.5.1Informative
Theinformativefunctionmeanslanguageistheinstrumentofthoughtandpeopleoftenuseittocommunicatenewinformation.
1.5.2Interpersonalfunction
Theinterpersonalfunctionmeanspeoplecanuselanguagetoestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.
1.5.3Performative
Theperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons,asinmarriageceremonies,thesentencingofcriminals,theblessingofchildren,thenamingofashipatalaunchingceremony,andthecursingofenemies.
1.5.4Emotivefunction
Theemotivefunctionisoneofthemostpowerfulusesoflanguagebecauseitissocrucialinchangingtheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.
1.5.5Phaticcommunion
Thephaticcommunionmeanspeoplealwaysusesomesmall,seeminglymeaninglessexpressionssuchasGoodmorning,Godblessyou,Niceday,etc.,tomaintainacomfortablerelationshipbetweenpeoplewithoutanyfactualcontent.
1.5.6Recreationalfunction
Therecreationalfunctionmeanspeopleuselanguageforthesheerjoyofusingit,suchasababy’sbabblingorachanter’schanting.
1.5.7Metalingualfunction
Themetalingualfunctionmeanspeoplecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.E.g.Icanusetheword“book”totalkaboutabook,andIcanalsousetheexpression“thewordbook”totalkaboutthesign“b-o-o-k”itself.
1.6Whatislinguistics?
Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotjustonelanguageofanyonecommunity,butthelanguageofallhumanbeings.
1.7Mainbranchesoflinguistics
1.7.1Phonetics
Phoneticsisthestudyofspeechsounds,itincludesthreemainareas:
articulatoryphonetics,acousticphonetics,andauditoryphonetics.
1.7.2Phonology
Phonologystudiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.
1.7.3Morphology
Morphologystudies the minimalunits of meaning – morphemesandword-formationprocesses.
1.7.4Syntax
Syntaxreferstotherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.
1.7.5Semantics
Semanticsexamineshowmeaningisencodedinalanguage.
1.7.6Pragmatics
Pragmaticsisthestudyofmeaningincontext.
1.8Macrolinguistics
1.8.1Ps