Lecture-3-Coordination-and-Subordination优质PPT.ppt

Lecture-3-Coordination-and-Subordination优质PPT.ppt

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Lecture3CoordinationandSubordination,Outline,Coordination（并列）Subordination（从属）WaysofAchievingSubordination,Coordination,Coordinationishappeningwhenevertwoormorewords,phrases,orclausesarejoinedbyacoordinatingconjunctionspecifically,and,or,nor,but,yet,andfor.Asthefollowingexamplesshow,twoormoreofanytypeofgrammaticalstructurescanbecoordinatedthatis,joinedbyacoordinatingconjunction:

@#@,Coordinatedwordsandphrases:

@#@1）Earlyinthetwentiethcentury,beliefsintheexistenceofMartians（假想的火星人）drewheavilyonscientificandpoliticalanalogieswithlifeonEarth.2）TheSecondWorldWarsawthedevelopmentofradarandthenthebuildingofthegiantradiotelescopes.Inthefirstexample,twoadjectivesarecoordinatedjoinedby“and”.Inthesecond,twonounsarejoinedby“and”.,Coordinateddependentclauses:

@#@However,NicolasCopernicuscametotheconclusionthattheSunhadtobelocatedatthecenterofthecosmosandthattheEarth,MoonandtheplanetsallcircletheSun.Inthisexample,bothdependentclausesareintroducedbythat;@#@theyarejoinedbyand.,Subordination,Subordinationisthetransformationofanindependentclauseintoadependent/subordinateclause,anextendedphrase（suchasagerund（动名词）,participial（分词）,orinfinitivephrase（不定式短语）,orasimplenounphrase（orsinglenoun）.Subordinateclauses,whichcannotstandalone,introducedbysubordinatingconjunctionsorbyrelativepronouns.,Bothsubordinationandcoordinationinvolvethelinkingofunitsofthesamerank.Butthemajordifferencebetweenthemisthattheinformationinsubordinateclauseisoftenplacedinthebackgroundwithrespecttothesuperordinateclause.Subornationisimportantmeanstodistinguishtheheadandtheinferior.Wecanlearnwhatthewriterwanttoexpressandhispurpose.Butbycoordination,thewords,phrases,orclausesareinthesameimportance.,Forexample:

@#@Therainstopped,andthesuncameout.Whentherainstopped,thesuncameout.Inthesetwosentences,thefirstusethecoordination,thesecondsubordination.Sowecanseethatinthefirstsentencethewriterwanttoemphasizetherainandthesun.Bothofthemareveryimportant.Butinthesecondsentence,THESUNCAMEOUTisthemainclauseand“whentherainstopped”isjustsubordinateclauseandusedasbackground.,WaysofAchievingSubordination,1.SubordinatinglessimportantmeaningsTheplacementofasubordinatorinrelationtotheclauseitintroducesmayaffectthemeaningofasentence.Comparethefollowingpairsofsentences.Shedidnoteatbecauseshewasangry.Herangerkeptherfromeating.Shewasangrybecauseshedidnoteat.Herangerwascausedbyhernoteating.Whenthepolicearrived,thethievesranaway.Thearrivalofthepolicecausedthethievestorunaway.Whenthethievesranaway,thepolicearrived.Thethieveswerealreadygonewhenthepolicegotthere.Thesentencemayimplythatthepolicedidnotdotheirduty.,Relativepronouns（关系代词）andadverbsalsosignalsubordinateelementsinasentence.Noticehowtheuseofthesesubordinatorsspeedsupthepaceoftheproseandmakesthelineofthought（思路）clearer.WITHOUTSUBORDINATORS:

@#@Mycousindoesmytaxeseveryyear.Heisanaccountant.Hehelpsmewithmanysuggestions.Thesesuggestionsallowmetotakeseveraldeductions.Thesedeductionsreducemytaxbillconsiderably.WITHSUBORDINATORS:

@#@Mycousin,whoisanaccountant,helpsmewithmanysuggestionsthatallowmetotakeseveraldeductionsthatreducemytaxbillconsiderably.,Suggestion,Clauses,phrases,andsinglewordscanallbesubordinateunitsinasentence,highlightingthemajorassertionofthesentencewhileestablishingotherlevelsofemphasis.Asyourethinkyourfirstdrafts,besuretohaveclearlyinmindthemainthoughtsyouwanttoconvey.Subordinateotherthoughtstosupportthosemainthoughts.,2.Embeddingshortsentencesorcoordinateclauses,Aswehaveseen,shortsentencesareeasytounderstand,buttheeffectofseveralofthemcomingoneafteranotherismonotonous,eveniftheyareallperfectlyclearandgrammatical.Shortsentencesmayalsobeconfusingbecausetheymakeithardforreaderstopickoutthemainlineofthoughtintheprose.Youcanconnectideasbyusingvarioussubordinators,andyoucanalsouseembeddingtechniques.,WITHOUTEMBEDDEDELEMENTS:

@#@Shewassad.Shedidnotlookback.Shewentuptheseawall.Shewasbowedbyherburdenoffailureandsorrowandself-contempt.WITHEMBEDDEDELEMENTS:

@#@Sadly,withoutlookingback,shewentuptheseawall,bowedbyherburdenoffailureandsorrowandself-contempt.Severalofthesentencesinthefirstversionhavebeenreducedtomodifiersinthesecondversion.Wesaythattheideasexpressedintheseveralsentencesinthefirstversionhaveembeddedinthesecond.,In-ClassPractice,I.Thefollowingsentencescontainillogicalsubordinationortoomuchcoordination.Rewriteeachsentencetomakeitaneffectivesimpleorcomplexsentence.

（1）Altho