Lecture-3-Coordination-and-Subordination优质PPT.ppt

1、Lecture 3 Coordination and Subordination,Outline,Coordination（并列）Subordination（从属）Ways of Achieving Subordination,Coordination,Coordination is happening whenever two or more words,phrases,or clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunctionspecifically,and,or,nor,but,yet,and for.As the following exam

2、ples show,two or more of any type of grammatical structures can be coordinatedthat is,joined by a coordinating conjunction:#,Coordinated words and phrases:#1）Early in the twentieth century,beliefs in the existence of Martians（假想的火星人）drew heavily on scientific and political analogies with life on Ear

3、th.2）The Second World War saw the development of radar and then the building of the giant radio telescopes.In the first example,two adjectives are coordinatedjoined by“and”.In the second,two nouns are joined by“and”.,Coordinated dependent clauses:#However,Nicolas Copernicus came to the conclusion th

4、at the Sun had to be located at the center of the cosmos and that the Earth,Moon and the planets all circle the Sun.In this example,both dependent clauses are introduced by that;#they are joined by and.,Subordination,Subordination is the transformation of an independent clause into a dependent/subor

5、dinate clause,an extended phrase（such as a gerund（动名词）,participial（分词）,or infinitive phrase（不定式短语）,or a simple noun phrase（or single noun）.Subordinate clauses,which cannot stand alone,introduced by subordinating conjunctions or by relative pronouns.,Both subordination and coordination involve the li

6、nking of units of the same rank.But the major difference between them is that the information in subordinate clause is often placed in the background with respect to the superordinate clause.Subornation is important means to distinguish the head and the inferior.We can learn what the writer want to

7、express and his purpose.But by coordination,the words,phrases,or clauses are in the same importance.,For example:#The rain stopped,and the sun came out.When the rain stopped,the sun came out.In these two sentences,the first use the coordination,the second subordination.So we can see that in the firs

8、t sentence the writer want to emphasize the rain and the sun.Both of them are very important.But in the second sentence,THE SUN CAME OUT is the main clause and“when the rain stopped”is just subordinate clause and used as background.,Ways of Achieving Subordination,1.Subordinating less important mean

9、ings The placement of a subordinator in relation to the clause it introduces may affect the meaning of a sentence.Compare the following pairs of sentences.She did not eat because she was angry.Her anger kept her from eating.She was angry because she did not eat.Her anger was caused by her not eating

10、.When the police arrived,the thieves ran away.The arrival of the police caused the thieves to run away.When the thieves ran away,the police arrived.The thieves were already gone when the police got there.The sentence may imply that the police did not do their duty.,Relative pronouns（关系代词）and adverbs

11、 also signal subordinate elements in a sentence.Notice how the use of these subordinators speeds up the pace of the prose and makes the line of thought（思路）clearer.WITHOUT SUBORDINATORS:#My cousin does my taxes every year.He is an accountant.He helps me with many suggestions.These suggestions allow m

12、e to take several deductions.These deductions reduce my tax bill considerably.WITH SUBORDINATORS:#My cousin,who is an accountant,helps me with many suggestions that allow me to take several deductions that reduce my tax bill considerably.,Suggestion,Clauses,phrases,and single words can all be subord

13、inate units in a sentence,highlighting the major assertion of the sentence while establishing other levels of emphasis.As you rethink your first drafts,be sure to have clearly in mind the main thoughts you want to convey.Subordinate other thoughts to support those main thoughts.,2.Embedding short se

14、ntences or coordinate clauses,As we have seen,short sentences are easy to understand,but the effect of several of them coming one after another is monotonous,even if they are all perfectly clear and grammatical.Short sentences may also be confusing because they make it hard for readers to pick out t

15、he main line of thought in the prose.You can connect ideas by using various subordinators,and you can also use embedding techniques.,WITHOUT EMBEDDED ELEMENTS:#She was sad.She did not look back.She went up the seawall.She was bowed by her burden of failure and sorrow and self-contempt.WITH EMBEDDED

16、ELEMENTS:#Sadly,without looking back,she went up the seawall,bowed by her burden of failure and sorrow and self-contempt.Several of the sentences in the first version have been reduced to modifiers in the second version.We say that the ideas expressed in the several sentences in the first version have embedded in the second.,In-Class Practice,I.The following sentences contain illogical subordination or too much coordination.Rewrite each sentence to make it an effective simple or complex sentence.（1）Altho