名词解释 (1)Word格式.doc
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MaslowchartislikeapyramidandwasputforwardbyAbrahamMaslow,apsychologist,hassuggestedthatpeopleallovertheworldsharefivebasicneeds:
thephysiologicalneeedswhichisconsiderasourfundamentalneeds,thesafetyneedsconcludephysicallysafeandpsychologicalsafe,thebelongingnessneedsforthereasonthatoncewearealiveandsafe,wethentrytosatisfyoursocialneeds,theesteemneedswhicharerecognition,respectandreputation,theself-actualizationneedswhichisthehighestneedofapersontoactualizeoneself,toreachone’sfullpotential,tobecomeallthatheorshemightbe.
3.EncodingandDecoding
Theprocessoftransformingideasandfeelingsintosymbolsandorganizingthemiscalledencodingamessage;
theprocessoftransformingmessagebackintoideasandfeelingiscalleddecoding.Theencodinganddecodingprocessincludenonverbalcues,whichsignificantlyaffectthemeaningcreatedbetweentheparticipantsinacommunicationtransaction.
4.Hofstede’sculturaldimensions.
Hofstede’sculturaldimensionsofferanotherapproachtounderstandingtherangeofculturaldifferences.Itcanbedividedintofivedimensions:
individualismversuscollectivism,uncertaintyavoidance,powerdistance,masculinityversusfemininity,andlong-termversusshort-termorientationtotime.Hisworkprovidesanexcellentsummaryoftherelationshipbetweenculturalvaluesandsocialbehaviors.
5.High-contextculture
High-contextculturesprefertousehigh-contextmessageswhichareimplicit,indirect,conveyedprimarilythroughthecontextorthesocialsituation.Inhigh-contextcultures,peopleareveryhomogeneouswithregardtoexperiences,informationnetworks,andthelikeandinformationisoftenprovidedthroughgestures,theuseofspace,andevensilence.
6.Low-contextculture
Low-contextculturesprefertouselow-contextmessages,inwhichthemajorityoftheinformationisvestedinexplicitcode.Inlow-contextcultures,thepopulationislesshomogeneousandthereforetendstocompartmentalizeinterpersonalcontacts.
7.Connotation
Connotationsrefertotheadditionalmeaningsthatawordorphrasehasbeyonditscentralmeaning.Thesemeaningsshowpeople’sattitudesorfeelingstowardwhatthewordorphraserefersto.Connotativemeaningsreflectthevaluingprocessofinterpretation.
8.Denotation
Denotationsofawordorphrasearethemeaningsthatrelateittotheobjectsorconceptsreferredto,theactualorfictional“thing”thataresymbolized.Mostwords,especiallysimpleconcretewords,haveseveraldenotations.
9.linguisticrelatively/determinism(TheSapir-Whorfhypothesis)
ThecentralideaoftheSapir-Whorfhypothesisisthatlanguagefunctions,notsimplyasadeviceforreportingexperience,butalso,andmoresignificantly,asawayofdefiningexperienceforitsspeakers.TheultimatevalueoftheSapir-Whorfhypothesisisthatitoffershintstoculturaldifferencesandsimilaritiesamongpeople.
10.Highinvolvementstyle
Manypeoplefromculturesthatprefer“highinvolvement”stylestendtotalkmore,interruptmore,expecttobeinterrupted,talkmoreloudlyattimesandtalkmorequicklythanthosefrom“highconsiderateness:
styles.
11.Highconsideratenessstyle
Peoplefromculturesthatfavor“highconsiderateness”stylestendto:
speakoneatatime,usepolitelisteningsounds,refrainfrominterrupting,andgiveplentyofpositiveandrespectfulresponsestotheirconversationpartners.
12.Verbalcommunication
Verbalcommunicationreferstothecommunicationthatitiscarriedouteitherinoralorinwrittenformwiththeuseofwords.
13.Nonverbalcommunication
Itreferstocommunicationthroughawholevarietyofdifferenttypesofsightcomeintopaly,includingthewaywemore,thegesturesweemploy,thepostureweadopt,thefacialexpressionwewearthedirectionofourgaze,totheextenttowhichwetouchandthedistancewestandfromeachother.
14.Individualisticculture
Peopletendtoencountermoresituationshatemphasizethepreferentialuseofdirecttalk,person-orientedverbalinteraction,verbalself-enhancement,andtalkativeness.
15.collectivisticculture
Peopletendtoencountermoresituationsthatemphasizethepreferentialuseofindirecttalk,statusorientedverbalinteraction,verbalself-effacementandsilence.
16.Paralanguage
Paralanguageliesbetweenverbalandnonverbalcommunication.Itinvolvessoundsbutnotwordsandcanbedividedintothreecategories:
voicequality,vocalqualifiers,andvocalization.
17.M-time
M-timeischaracteristicofpeoplefromGermany,Austric,Switzerland,andAmerica.This