名词解释 (1)Word格式.doc

1、 Maslow chart is like a pyramid and was put forward by Abraham Maslow, a psychologist, has suggested that people all over the world share five basic needs: the physiological neeeds which is consider as our fundamental needs, the safety needs conclude physically safe and psychological safe, the belon

2、gingness needs for the reason that once we are alive and safe, we then try to satisfy our social needs, the esteem needs which are recognition, respect and reputation, the self-actualization needs which is the highest need of a person to actualize oneself, to reach ones full potential, to become all

3、 that he or she might be.3. Encoding and Decoding The process of transforming ideas and feelings into symbols and organizing them is called encoding a message; the process of transforming message back into ideas and feeling is called decoding. The encoding and decoding process include nonverbal cues

4、, which significantly affect the meaning created between the participants in a communication transaction.4. Hofstedes cultural dimensions.Hofstedes cultural dimensions offer another approach to understanding the range of cultural differences. It can be divided into five dimensions: individualism ver

5、sus collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, masculinity versus femininity, and long-term versus short-term orientation to time.His work provides an excellent summary of the relationship between cultural values and social behaviors.5. High-context cultureHigh-context cultures prefer to u

6、se high-context messages which are implicit, indirect, conveyed primarily through the context or the social situation. In high-context cultures, people are very homogeneous with regard to experiences, information networks, and the like and information is often provided through gestures, the use of s

7、pace, and even silence.6. Low-context cultureLow-context cultures prefer to use low-context messages, in which the majority of the information is vested in explicit code. In low-context cultures, the population is less homogeneous and therefore tends to compartmentalize interpersonal contacts.7. Con

8、notationConnotations refer to the additional meanings that a word or phrase has beyond its central meaning. These meanings show peoples attitudes or feelings toward what the word or phrase refers to. Connotative meanings reflect the valuing process of interpretation.8. Denotation Denotations of a wo

9、rd or phrase are the meanings that relate it to the objects or concepts referred to, the actual or fictional “thing” that are symbolized. Most words, especially simple concrete words, have several denotations.9. linguistic relatively/determinism （The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis）The central idea of the Sa

10、pir-Whorf hypothesis is that language functions, not simply as a device for reporting experience, but also, and more significantly, as a way of defining experience for its speakers.The ultimate value of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesisis that it offers hints to cultural differences and similarities among

11、people.10. High involvement styleMany people from cultures that prefer “high involvement”styles tend to talk more, interrupt more, expect to be interrupted, talk more loudly at times and talk more quickly than those from “high considerateness: styles.11. High considerateness stylePeople from culture

12、s that favor “high considerateness” styles tend to: speak one at a time, use polite listening sounds, refrain from interrupting, and give plenty of positive and respectful responses to their conversation partners.12. Verbal communicationVerbal communication refers to the communication that it is car

13、ried out either in oral or in written form with the use of words.13. Nonverbal communicationIt refers to communication through a whole variety of different types of sight come into paly, including the way we more , the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear the direc

14、tion of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each other.14. Individualistic culturePeople tend to encounter more situations hat emphasize the preferential use of direct talk, person-oriented verbal interaction, verbal self-enhancement, and talkativeness.15. collec

15、tivistic culturePeople tend to encounter more situations that emphasize the preferential use of indirect talk, status oriented verbal interaction, verbal self-effacement and silence.16. Paralanguage Paralanguage lies between verbal and nonverbal communication. It involves sounds but not words and can be divided into three categories: voice quality, vocal qualifiers, and vocalization.17. M-timeM-time is characteristic of people from Germany, Austric, Switzerland, and America. This