语言学笔记.doc

语言学笔记.doc

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《简明英语语言学》笔记

Chapter1 Introduction

¤Whatislinguistics?

lDefinition:

thescientificstudyoflanguage.

lAdisciplinethatdataandtheorystandinadialecticalcomplementation;thatis,atheorywithoutthesupportofdatacanhardlyclaimvalidity,anddatawithoutbeingexplainedbysometheoryremainamuddledmassofthings.

lThescopeoflinguistics:

²Generallinguistics:

studylanguageasawhole

²Specificaspects:

1）Phonetics:

thestudyofsounds

2）Phonology:

howsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaning

3）Morphology:

howsymbolsareformedandcombinedtoformword

4）Syntax:

studytherulesofhowtoformgrammaticallycorrectsentence

5）Semantics:

thestudyofmeaning

6）Pragmatics:

thestudyofmeaninginthecontextoflanguageuse

²Interdisciplinarybranches:

1）Sociolinguistics

2）Psycholinguistics

3）Appliedlinguistics

lImportantdistinctions

²Prescriptiveanddescriptive:

1）Descriptive:

Describeandanalyzethelanguagethatpeopleactuallyuse

2）Prescriptive:

Laydownrulesforcorrectandstandardbehaviorinusinglanguage

3）Modernlanguageismostlydescriptive.Modernlanguage,whichisscientificandobjective,describeslanguagepeopleactuallyuse,beitcorrectornot.

²Synchronicanddiachronic

1）Synchronic:

describelanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory,alwaysinitscurrentexistence.

2）Diachronic:

thedescriptionoflanguageasitchangesthroughtime;itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.

3）Inmodernlinguistics,synchronicapproachenjoyspriority.

²Speechandwriting

Speechispriortowritinginlinguistics,foritismorenaturalandrevealsmoretruefeatureoflanguage.

²Langueandparole

1）Langue:

abstractsystemsharedbyallmembersoflanguagecommunity;itisthesetofconventionsandrulesthatlanguageusershaveabideby

2）Parole:

Concreteuseoflanguage.

3）Saussure:

1）paroleissimplyamassoflinguisticlanguagefacts;2）linguistshouldabstractlanguefromparole,i.e.todiscovertheregularitiesgoverningtheactualuseoflanguage

²CompetenceandPerformance-AmericanlinguistChomsky

1）Competence:

knowledgeofrulesoflanguage

2）Performance:

therealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication

3）Theimperfectperformanceiscausedbysocialandpsychologicalfactors.

²Traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics

1）Linguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.

2）Modernlinguisticsregardspokenlanguageasprimary.

3）ModernlinguisticsdoesnotforcelanguagesintoLatin-basedframework.

¤Whatislanguage?

lDefinitionoflanguage

²Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

1）Languageisasystem,whichmeanselementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules.

2）Languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor.

3）Languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforalllanguageissound.

4）Languageishuman-specific.

lDesignfeature

1）Arbitrariness:

logicalconnectionbetweenmeaningandsounds.Whilesomewordsaremotivated:

thefirstareonomatopoeicwords,suchasrumble,crash,bang;thesecondarecompoundwords,e.g.photocopy.Thiskindofwordsonlymakeupsmallpercentageofvocabulary.Thearbitrarynatureoflanguageisasignofsophistica-tionoflanguageandmakeitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.

2）Productivity:

languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.

3）Duality:

basiclevel:

astructureofsounds

Higherlevel:

soundsoflanguagecanberearrangedintomorphemesandwords

4）Displacement:

不受时空限制的

5）Culturaltransmission:

humanhavetobelearnedandtaughtbeacquirelanguage.

lFunctionsoflanguage

² Descriptivefunction:

conveyfactualinformation

Expressivefunction:

suppliesinformation

Socialfunction:

maintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople

²StructurallinguistRomanJakobson

Addresser---emotive:

addresserexpresshisattitudetowardsthetopicorsituation

Addressee---conative:

theaddresseraimstoinfluenceaddressee’saction

Context---referential:

addresserconveysamessageorinformation

Message---poetic:

uselanguagetodisplaythebeautyoflanguage

Contact---phaticcommunication:

ittriestoestablishormaintaininterpersonalrelations

Code---metalinguistic:

makeclearthemeaningoflanguageitself

²Inearly1970BritishlinguistM.A.K.Halliday

7functioninchildren.

3inadults:

Ideationalfunction:

organizeone’sexperience,attitude,evaluation,feeling,andemotions

Interpersonalfunction:

establishandmaintaininterpersonalrelations

Textualfunction:

organizewrittenorspokenEnglishinsuchamannerthattheyarecohere