文化的商品化：玛雅的文化旅游外文文献翻译Word下载.docx

文化的商品化：玛雅的文化旅游外文文献翻译Word下载.docx

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TourismandMayaidentity."

Annalsoftourismresearch30.2（2003）:

353-368.

原文

TourismandMayaIdentity

LaurieMedina

Abstract

ThisethnographicstudyexaminedhowthecommoditizationofculturefortourismaffectedtraditionalpracticesinaformerlyMayavillageadjacenttothemost-visitedMayanruinsinBelize.Thoughthemajorityofvillagershadabandonedthisindigenousidentity,theyrespondedtothetourismdemandforrepresentationsofanessentializedMayanculturebyutilizingnewchannelstoaccesstraditionstheycouldnolongerlearnthrougholdways:

theyturnedtothepublicationsofarchaeologistsandepigrapherswhostudytheancientMaya.Asvillagersdevelopedexpertiseintheculturaltraditionsoftheirancestors,theyremainedambivalentaboutwhetherornottheirunconventionalacquisitionofthisknowledgeprovidedsufficientbasisforreclaimingMayaidentities.

Keywords:

culture;

commoditization;

identity;

Maya;

Belize

INTRODUCTION

Oneschoolofthoughtintourismstudieshasarguedthatthecommoditizationofcultureforconsumptionrenderstheresultingpracticesinauthentic.Thispositiondistinguishesbetweentraditionswhichpersistinrelativeisolationfrommarketforces,

andpracticeselaboratedspecificallyforthetourismmarket.Againstthisperspective,otherscholarshaveassertedthatsuchtransactionsbetweentouristsand“tourees”generatenewculturalconfigurationswhicharebothmeaningfulandauthentictotheirparticipants.Advocatesofthisargumentrejectboththedistinctiondrawnbythefirstgroupofscholarsbetweenmoreandlessauthenticculturalformsandthenotionsofcultureandauthenticityonwhichthatdistinctionrests.Thesecondschoolofthoughtinsteadportrayscultureasdynamicandemergent.Thispaperintroducesathirdalternativeinthisdebate:

thecommoditizationofculturefortourismmayinvolvetheutilizationofnewchannelstoaccessculturaltraditionsofgreatantiquity.PosingthispossibilityforaformerlyMayavillageinwesternBelize,thispaperengagestwosetsofdebatesinthesocialsciences:

itexploreshowthedebateintourismstudiessketchedaboveintersectswithcontemporaryonesinthefieldofMayastudies,where“constructivists”castMayacultureasa（relativelyrecent）socialconstruction,while“essentialists”defineitintermsofcontinuitiesthathavepersistedacrosscenturiesfrompre-colonialtimesintothepresent.

Earlystudiessuggestedthattouristiccommoditization—theofferingofculturalproductsandpracticesformoney—resultsintheemergenceofaculturedistinctfromthetraditionalpracticeof“tourees”andlessauthenticbyvirtueofbeingboth“staged”andacommodity.MacCannell（1976）suggeststhattouristsarelargelymotivatedbya“questforauthenticity,”whichisfundamentallyasearchforculturaldifference.Touristsinterpretsuchdifferenceasanindicatoroflesscontaminationbycontemporarycapitalismandthusgreaterauthenticityinrelationsamongpeopleand

betweenpeopleandnature.However,MacCannellassertsthattourees—thehostpopulationconfrontedwiththearrivaloftouristsintheirmidst—protectandinsulatetheirculturebydividingtheirlivesinto“backstage”areas,wheretheycontinuemeaningfultraditionsawayfromthegazeoftourists,and“frontstage”areas,wheretheyperformalimitedrangeofactivitiesforatouristaudience.Thismakesavailableportionsofhostcultureforguestconsumption,whileitprotectsotherpartsfromcommoditization.Suchanargumentassumesthattouristicculturalperformance,whichMacCannellcalls“stagedauthenticity,”islessauthenticthanpracticesnotperformedfortouristsorforcash.Greenwood（1977）alsoengagesthisassumptionbyassertingthatcommoditizationchangesthemeaningofculturalproductsandpracticestosuchadegreethattheyeventuallybecomemeaninglessfortheirproducers.Theconclusiondrawnisthatthe“stagedauthenticity”ofcommoditizedcultureisnotauthenticatall.Ryan（1996）,focusingawayfromconcernswithauthenticity,suggeststhata“touristculture”distinctfromtheeverydayculturesofeithertouristsortoureesemergesfromtheirinter-（ortrans-）actions;

however,hebuildsonthesameassumptionthattourismleadstotheemergenceofaculturedifferentfromtheoriginaloneofthetourees.

TOURISM,CULTUREANDIDENTITY

Ifthereweresuchathingasa“typicalMayavillage”‟SanJoseSuccotzwouldcertainlynotbeit.Avillageofsome1,400peopleinwesternBelize,Succotzislinkedto“Mayaness”intwoways:

throughproximitytotheruinsofanancientMayacitythathasbecomeapopulartourismattraction;

andthroughtheancestry,culture,and

identitiesofitscontemporaryresidents.Iftheformerconnectionprovidesanimportantsourceofincomefor