Linux大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文Word下载.docx

Linux大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文Word下载.docx

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2017.02. 

14

1.1.History

InordertounderstandthepopularityofLinux,weneedtotravelbackintime,about30yearsago...

Imaginecomputersasbigashouses,evenstadiums.Whilethesizesofthosecomputersposedsubstantialproblems，therewasonethingthatmadethisevenworse:

everycomputerhadadifferentoperatingsystem.Softwarewasalwayscustomizedtoserveaspecificpurpose,andsoftwareforonegivensystemdidn’trunonanothersystem.Beingabletoworkwithonesystemdidn’tautomaticallymeanthatyoucouldworkwithanother.Itwasdifficult,bothfortheusersandthesystemadministrators.

Computerswereextremelyexpensivethen，andsacrificeshadtobemadeevenaftertheoriginalpurchasejusttogettheuserstounderstandhowtheyworked.ThetotalcostofITwasenormous.

Technologicallytheworldwasnotquitethatadvanced，sotheyhadtolivewiththesizeforanotherdecade.In 

1969, 

ateamofdevelopersintheBellLabslaboratoriesstartedworkingonasolutionforthesoftwareproblem,toaddressthesecompatibilityissues.Theydevelopedanewoperatingsystem， 

whichwas

simpleandelegantwrittenintheCprogramminglanguageinsteadofinassemblycodeabletorecyclecode.

TheBellLabsdevelopersnamedtheirproject 

’’UNIX."

Thecoderecyclingfeatureswereveryimportant.Untilthen，allcommerciallyavailablecomputersystemswerewritteninacodespecificallydevelopedforonesystem.UNIXontheotherhandneededonlyasmallpieceofthatspecialcode，whichisnowcommonlynamedthekernel.ThiskernelistheonlypieceofcodethatneedstobeadaptedforeveryspecificsystemandformsthebaseoftheUNIXsystem.Theoperatingsystemandallotherfunctionswerebuiltaroundthiskernelandwritteninahigherprogramminglanguage，C.ThislanguagewasespeciallydevelopedforcreatingtheUNIXsystem.Usingthisnewtechnique,itwasmucheasiertodevelopanoperatingsystemthatcouldrunonmanydifferenttypesofhardware.

Thesoftwarevendorswerequicktoadapt，sincetheycouldselltentimesmoresoftwarealmosteffortlessly.Weirdnewsituationscameinexistence:

imagineforinstancecomputersfromdifferentvendorscommunicatinginthesamenetwork，orusersworkingondifferentsystemswithouttheneedforextraeducationtouseanothercomputer.UNIXdidagreatdealtohelpusersbecomecompatiblewithdifferentsystems.

ThroughoutthenextcoupleofdecadesthedevelopmentofUNIXcontinued.MorethingsbecamepossibletodoandmorehardwareandsoftwarevendorsaddedsupportforUNIXtotheirproducts.

UNIXwasinitiallyfoundonlyinverylargeenvironmentswithmainframesandminicomputers（notethataPCisa’’micro"

computer）.Youhadtoworkatauniversity，forthegovernmentorforlargefinancialcorporationsinordertogetyourhandsonaUNIXsystem.

Butsmallercomputerswerebeingdeveloped,andbytheendofthe80’s，manypeoplehadhomecomputers.Bythattime，therewereseveralversionsofUNIXavailableforthePCarchitecture,butnoneofthemweretrulyfree.

1.1.3.CurrentapplicationofLinuxsystems

TodayLinuxhasjoinedthedesktopmarket.Linuxdevelopersconcentratedonnetworkingandservicesinthebeginning，andofficeapplicationshavebeenthelastbarriertobetakendown.Wedon’tliketoadmitthatMicrosoftisrulingthismarket,soplentyofalternativeshavebeenstartedoverthelastcoupleofyearstomakeLinuxanacceptablechoiceasaworkstation,providinganeasyuserinterfaceandMScompatibleofficeapplicationslikewordprocessors,spreadsheets,presentationsandthelike.

Ontheserverside,Linuxiswell-knownasastableandreliableplatform,providingdatabaseandtradingservicesforcompanieslikeAmazon,thewell-knownonlinebookshop，USPostOffice，theGermanarmyandsuch.EspeciallyInternetprovidersandInternetserviceprovidershavegrownfondofLinuxasfirewall,proxy-andwebserver,andyouwillfindaLinuxboxwithinreachofeveryUNIXsystemadministratorwhoappreciatesacomfortablemanagementstation.ClustersofLinuxmachinesareusedinthecreationofmoviessuchas’’Titanic’.，’’Shrek”andothers.Inpostoffices,theyarethenervecentersthatroutemailandinlargesearchengine，clustersareusedtoperforminternetsearches.Theseareonlyafewofthethousandsofheavy-dutyjobsthatLinuxisperformingday-to-dayacrosstheworld.

ItisalsoworthtonotethatmodernLinuxnotonlyrunsonworkstations,mid-andhigh-endservers,butalsoon’’gadgets”likePDA’s，mobiles，ashiploadofembeddedapplicationsandevenonexperimentalwristwatches.ThismakesLinuxtheonlyoperatingsystemintheworldcoveringsuchawiderangeofhardware.

1.2.Theuserinterface

1.2.1.1sLinuxdifficult?

WhetherLinuxisdiff