历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案.docx

历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案.docx

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历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案

0308托福试题

阅读（55minutes）

Question1-11

Iffoodisallowedtostandforsometime,itputrefies.Whentheputrefiedmaterial

isexaminedmicroscopically,itisfoundtobeteemingwithbacteria.Wheredothese

bacteriacomefrom,sincetheyarenotseeninfreshfood?

Evenuntilthemid-nineteenth

century,manypeoplebelievedthatsuchmicroorganismsoriginatedbyspontaneous

（5）generation,ahypotheticalprocessbywhichlivingorganismsdevelopfromnonliving

matter.

ThemostpowerfulopponentofthetheoryofspontaneousgenerationwastheFrenchchemistandmicrobiologistLouisPasteur（1822-1895）.Pasteurshowedthatstructures

presentinaircloselyresemblethemicroorganismsseeninputrefyingmaterials.Hedid

（10）thisbypassingairthroughguncottonfilters,thefibersofwhichstopsolidparticles.After

theguncottonwasdissolvedinamixtureofalcoholandether,theparticlesthatithad

trappedfelltothebottomoftheliquidandwereexaminedonamicroscopeslide.Pasteur

foundthatinordinaryairtheseexistsavarietyofsolidstructuresranginginsizefrom

0.01mmtomorethan1.0mm.Manyofthesebodiesresembledthereproductive

（15）structuresofcommonmolds,single-celledanimals,andvariousothermicrobialcells.

Asmanyas20to30ofthemwerefoundinfifteenlitersofordinaryair,andtheycould

notbedistinguishedfromtheorganismsfoundinmuchlargernumbersinputrefyingmaterials.Pasteurconcludedthattheorganismsfoundinputrefyingmaterialsoriginated

fromtheorganizedbodiespresentintheair.Hepostulatedthatthesebodiesareconstantly

（20）beingdepositedonallobjects.

Pasteurshowedthatifanutrientsolutionwassealedinaglassflaskandheatedto

boilingtodestroyallthelivingorganismscontaminatingit,itneverputrefied.Theproponentsofspontaneousgenerationdeclaredthatfreshairwasnecessaryfor

spontaneousgenerationandthattheairinsidethesealedflaskwasaffectedinsomeway

（25）byheatingsothatitwouldnolongersupportspontaneousgeneration.Pasteurconstructedaswan-neckedflaskinwhichputrefyingmaterialscouldheheatedtoboiling,butair

couldreenter.Thebendsintheneckpreventedmicroorganismsfromgettingintheflask..Materialsterilizedinsuchaflaskdidnotputrefy.

1,Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

（a）Pasteur’sinfluenceonthedevelopmentofthemicroscope.

（b）Theoriginofthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.

（c）Theeffectsofpasteurizationonfood.

（d）Pasteur’sargumentagainstthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.

2,Thephrase“teemingwith”inline2isclosestinmeaningto

（a）fullof

（b）developinginto

（c）resistantto

（d）hurtby

3,Whichofthefollowingquestionsdidthetheoryofspontaneousgenerationattempttoanswer?

（a）Whatistheoriginofthelivingorganismsareseenonsomefood?

（b）Howmanytypesoforganismscanbefoundonfood?

（c）Whatisthemosteffectivewaytopreparelivingorganismsformicroscopicexamination?

（d）Howlongcanfoodstandbeforeitputrefies?

4,Theword“resemble”inline9isclosestinmeaningto

（a）benefitfrom

（b）appearsimilarto

（c）jointogetherwith

（d）growfrom

5,Thepurposeofthe“guncotton”mentionedinparagraph2wasto

（a）trapparticlesforanalysis

（b）slowtheprocessofputrefaction

（c）increasetheairflowtothemicroscopicslide

（d）aidthemixingofalcoholandether

6,Theauthormention“1.0mm”inline14indescribingthe

（a）thicknessofalayeroforganismsthatwasdepositedonanobject

（b）diameterofthefibersthatwereintheguncottonfilters

（c）thicknessofthemicroscopeslidesthatwereused

（d）sizeoftheparticlesthatthatwerecollected

7.Theword“postulated”inline19isclosestinmeaningto

（a）analyzed

（b）doubted

（c）persuaded

（d）suggested

8.TheobjectsthatPasteutremovedfromtheairinhisexperimentwereremarkablebecausetheywere

（a）primarilysingle-celledorganisms

（b）nodifferentfromobjectsfoundinputrefyingmaterials

（c）fairlyrare

（d）abletoliveinamixtureofalcoholandether

9.Theword“it”inline22refersto

（a）anutrientsolution

（b）aglassflask

（c）boiling

（d）spontaneousgeneration

10.Accordingtoparagraph3,proponentsofspontaneousgenerationbelievedthatwhichofthefollowingwasimportantfortheprocesstosucceed?

（a）Asealedcontainer

（b）Freshair

（c）Heat

（d）Thepresenceofnutrients

11.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3thatPasteuremployedaswam-neckedflaskto

（a）storesterilizedliquidsforuseinfutureexperiments

（b）preventheatfrombuildingupinasolution

（c）disproveacriticismofhisconclusions

（d）estimatethenumberoforganismsinaliterofair

Questions12-20

IntheearlydecadesoftheUnitedStates,theagrarianmovementpromotedthefarmer

associety’shero.Inthemindsofagrarianthinkersandwriters,thefarmerwasapersononwhos